Julida

Shelley, Rowland M. & Golovatch, Sergei I., 2011, Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class, Insecta Mundi 2011 (158), pp. 1-134 : 30-31

Order Julida ( Fig. 26 -27)

According to Hoffman (1969b) and Enghoff (1993a), Julida is basically a Holarctic order occurring north of the Tropic of Cancer. Along with Glomerida and Platydesmida , we characterize it as Laurasian, North Temperate, and Tropical, but not Holarctic, as southeast Asia and northern Central America lie in the Indo-Malay and Neotropical realms, respectively. We recognize five areas ( Fig. 26 ), the three major ones – North America/ Mexico /northern Central America, Europe/Middle East/central Asia/north Africa/ Atlantic Islands, and northcentral/east/southeastern Asia – extending southward into the Tropics, with the last even touching the Equator. At the northern extreme, Julida nip the Arctic Circle in Iceland, where Proteroiulus fuscus (Am Stein, 1857) (Blaniulidae) is the only indigenous diplopod ( Tuxen 1941, Eason 1970), crosses it again in Scandinavia/ Norway, and a point locality of this species in central Russia lies north of this line in the southern Yamal Peninsula. Finally a disjunct area exists in eastern Nepal. The order is absent from Caribbean Islands, most of Central America and all of South America, sub- Saharan Africa, Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands, the Indian Subcontinent, Indonesia / Philippines / Papua New Guinea / Australia / New Zealand, and Oceania except for a questionable record from the Bonin Islands.

In contrast to most orders, ten maps, a veritable plethora, exist for Julida . Jeekel (1985) depicted the entire ordinal distribution, and Kime (2000) did likewise for Europe. Enghoff (1993a) mapped familial and superfamilial components, and Shelley (2008) mapped Parajulidae in North/Central America. The maps of Kime (2000) and Shelley (2008) show country boundaries, but the others lack these reference lines, so precise boundaries are difficult to determine in central Asia.

The distribution of Parajulidae in North/Central America ( Shelley 2008) constitutes that of the order in the Western Hemisphere, as the other families with indigenous components – Aprosphylosomatidae , Blaniulidae , Chelojulidae , Nemasomatidae , Okeanobatidae , Paeromopodidae , Telsonemasomatidae – lie wholly within its range.

The European and Icelandic distributions depicted by Kime (2000) still appear accurate. Occurrences in Macaronesia ( Enghoff 1992, 1993b, c; Vicente and Enghoff 1999) and North Africa represent the same basic fauna and are grouped with Europe. Both Jeekel (1985) and Enghoff (1993a) depict the range in Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco; additional records (Enghoff 1995, Read 2005) lie within this area, and Akkari et al. (2010a) summarized North African occurrences. The Middle Eastern area encompasses Crete and Cyprus, all of Turkey, Lebanon, and Syria, northern Israel

Figure 27. Distribution of Julida in central Asia.

and the West Bank, and northern Iraq ( Enghoff 1993a, 1995, 2006; Kime 2000; Golovatch et al. 2004). In eastern Europe, the area extends to the Ural Mts., overhangs western Kazakhstan ( Loksina and Golovatch 1979, Golovatch 1992a, Kime 2000, Enghoff 1993a), and then swings westward and southeastward through the Caucasus to the Caspian Sea ( Enghoff 1984a, Golovatch and Enghoff 1990, Read 1992, Hoy Jensen et al. 2002). It spreads southward in western Iran to near the Persian Gulf (Enghoff 1995, Enghoff and Moravvej 2005), and an eastward projection expands latitudinally through the Central Asian Republics ( Enghoff 1985, Read 1994, Read and Golovatch 1994).

The primary Asian area consists of long eastern and northern arms that meet in the northeast at an acute angle. The former extends from Kamchatka and “mainland” Asian Russia to the Equator at Singapore, expanding westward through Myanmar into Assam; the northern arm spreads westward through southern Siberia and northeastern Kazakhstan, where it overhangs the eastward projection of the European area. These central Asian “distributional peninsulas” (Fig. 27) are not known to join but are only ~ 704 km (440 mi) apart at their closest points. This overall area encompasses islands like Sakhalin, the Kuriles, all of Japan and the Ryukyus, Taiwan, and Hainan but excludes the Philippines, Indonesia, and Borneo/ eastern Malaya. Maps are available in Enghoff (1987), Mikhaljova (1993, 1998), Mikhaljova and Basarukin (1995), and Korsós (2001), while species lists with at least countries of occurrence are provided by Enghoff (1986, 2005), Korsos (1994 b,1996, 2004), D. Wang and Mauriès (1996), Mikhaljova and Nefediev (2002), Mikhaljova and Marusik (2004), Enghoff et al. (2004), and Mikhaljova et al. (2007). No published records are available for Bangladesh, southwestern Myanmar, and central and southern India, so we draw the boundary considerably to the north of that in Enghoff (1993a). Bonin Island occurrence is documented by Verhoeff (1939), Enghoff (1986), Mikhaljova and Kim (1993) and Korsós (1996), although Paik (1958) thought it represented mislabeling.

Figures

Figure 26. Distribution of the Order Julida.