Polyzoniida

Shelley, Rowland M. & Golovatch, Sergei I., 2011, Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class, Insecta Mundi 2011 (158), pp. 1-134 : 24-26

Order Polyzoniida (Fig. 16, 20-21)

Polyzoniida occur natively and somewhat sporadically on all continents ( Fig. 20 ), traversing the Equator and both Tropics. Like Platydesmida , no catalog exists, but Shelley (1996a, 1998b) and Shelley et al. (2010) mapped Hirudisomatidae in the Americas and Polyzoniidae worldwide, which essentially represent ordinal occurrences as the only significant additions are from South and North Korea ( Mikhaljova and Lim 2006b) and the new ones in the Appendix. Completing the ordinal map thus required determining hirudisomatid occurrences elsewhere and indigenous ones worldwide of Siphonotidae , but the latter are problematical because they are masked by widespread introductions of R. purpureus . Determining native siphonotid records is virtually impossible, but those in Brazil and Chile are plausibly so.

Another impediment to determining polyzoniidan distribution is that many are so small as to be overlooked in field sampling. Records are spotty with only a few from certain countries and regions such that a consolidated range cannot be postulated as, for example, continental Asia aside from Russia and the Korean Peninsula, where the efforts of E.V. Mikhaljova produced the areas outlined by Shelley (1998b). Otherwise, only scattered hirudisomatid and siphonotid localities, some far removed from each other, exist from Asia, which we show with dots in Fig. 20 .

The ordinal range in North America is basically that of Polyzoniidae ( Shelley 1998b) ; the only effects of Hirudisomatidae are to place the order in Idaho and extend the Pacific Coastal area northward into southwestern “mainland” BC (Fig. 16) ( Shelley (1990a, 1996a, 2002b; Shelley et al., 2010). The most recently described polyzoniid and the first familial record north of the Columbia River, Stenozonium leonardi Shelley and Shear, 2005 , lies within the range of Octoglena anura Cook, 1904 , and does not impact the ordinal distribution ( Shelley and Shear 2005). To the south, the Veracruz, Mexico, locality ( Hirudisomatidae ) is definitely indigenous, and three species of Rhinotus have been recorded from the Former Canal Zone and Panama ( Chamberlin 1940; Loomis 1961, 1964, 1970; Hoffman 1999) that we consider native.

Mauriès and Silva (1971) mapped 10 species of Siphonotus Brandt, 1837 , in Chile to which we add those described by Chamberlin (1947b). Brazilian localities are provided by Schubart (1944, 1947), Attems (1951), and Hoffman (1977a), and we include Port of Spain, Trinidad ( Silvestri 1898b), based on the S. virescens record that may represent R. purpureus . Polyzoniida thus occupy two general areas of continental South America – the central 2/3 of Chile, extending an unknown distance southward, and an ovoid area in eastern Brazil, extending southward to near Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.

The only definitely native African occurrence is a band along the Indian Ocean in the Republic of South Africa, whose eastern edge extends inland between Lesotho and Swaziland. Records are summarized by Hamer (1998), and because so few are known, we add three in the Appendix. Two closely proximate records from west Africa are potentially R. purpureus , that of S. africanus from Sierra Leone ( Cook 1896) and that of the order from Tamara Island, Îles de Los, off the coast of Conakry, Guinea ( Chamberlin 1920).

Kime (2000) did not depict polyzoniidan occurrences in Europe, so we scoured the literature for hirudisomatid records to add to Shelley’s (1998) polyzoniid map and found several for Italy, two for France and Spain, and one each for Portugal, Slovenia, Greece, and European Turkey ( Verhoeff 1901, 1940; Mauriès 1960, 1964; Strasser and Minelli 1984; Mauriès and Barraqueta 1985; Ceuca 1992; Foddai et al. 1995; Geoffroy 1996; Enghoff 2006). Strasser and Minelli (1984) summarized Italian records, and Polyzoniida occurs throughout the “boot” except for the north/northwestern borders ( Fig. 21 ). We include occurrences in Turkey and the Caucasus with Europe, as hirudisomatids occur along the Denizi and Black Sea Coasts of the former up to ~ 100 km (62 mi) inland ( Enghoff 2006). General records exist from the Caucasus of Georgia and vicinity ( Talikadze 1984, Loksina and Golovatch 1979) but not specific localities.

In the Indian subcontinent, Shelley (1996b) documented Polyzoniida / Hirudisomatidae from central Nepal.

Besides Kamchatka, Sakhalin Island, and southeastern mainland Russia ( Mikhaljova 1979, 1981, 1993, 1998, 2001, 2004; Mikhaljova and Basarukin 1995; Shelley 1998b; Mikhaljova and Golovatch 2000; Mikhaljova and Marusik 2004), ordinal records from far eastern Asia include Hirudisomatidae in Japan and South Korea and Siphonotidae in Indonesia and Vietnam ( Hoffman 1980a). D. Wang and Mauriès (1996) did not report the order from China, but the type locality of Angarozonium amurense (Gerstfeldt, 1859) (Polyzoniidae) is the delta of the Songhua Jiang (= Sungari) River, Heilongjiang Prov., Manchuria (Mikhaljova 1993; Shelley 1998b), and this or congeneric species plausibly occur in Liaoning and Jilin provs. near the North Korean border. We report Siphonotidae from Sichuan Prov. (Appendix), and the family is expected in southern Yunnan based on occurrence in adjacent northern Vietnam ( Enghoff et al. 2004). Polyzoniida are known through most of North Korea, extending to south of Pyongyang ( Golovatch 1980b, Mikhaljova and Kim 1993, Mikhaljova et al. 2000, Mikhaljova and Korsós 2003), and we project them for South Korea. In Japan, Shinohara (1973) reported Orsiboe ichigomensis Attems, 1909 , ( Hirudisomatidae ) from lava caves near Mt. Fuji, central Honshu, and Tsurusaki (2002) recorded Kiusiozonium okai (Takakuwa and Miyosi, 1949) (Hirudisomatidae) from Matsuyama City, Shikoku. In Indonesia, Y. Wang and Tang (1965) reported five species of Siphonotus from Sumatra, and Hoffman (1980a) added Java and Flores. We encircle these islands plus Sulawesi in Fig. 20 , and the area’s eastern border coincides roughly with Weber’s Line.

Occurrences in Australia, all of Siphonotidae (http://www.qvmag.tax.gov.au/zoology/millipedes/ index.html), are in the southwestern corner of Western Australia, the coast of southern Queensland, and Melbourne vicinity, Victoria. Without giving a genus or species, Black (1997) recorded the family in general from New South Wales, South Australia, and northern Western Australia.

Many oceanic records clearly represent R. purpureus ( Shelley 1998a) , but distinguishing which do and do not from literature accounts is impossible, and the specimens need restudying. Attems (1914a) summarized ones from Pacific Islands; Chamberlin (1920) proposed 10 new species from Fiji and the Solomon Islands and repeated prior records from the Loyalty Islands. Carl (1926) described three new species from New Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands, Vanuatu, and the North Island of New Zealand, and Golovatch (1994a) reported Rhinotus from Tonga and Samoa (Eua and Upolu islands). While R. purpureus has been reported from Indian Ocean Islands ( Shelley 1998a), congeneric species have been described and recorded from Mauritius and Silhouette, Praslin, and Mahé islands, Seychelles ( Mauriès 1980b, Golovatch and Korsós 1992, Mauriès and Geoffroy 1999).

Figures

Figure 21. Distribution of Polyzoniida in Europe and the Middle East.

Figure 19-20. Distributions. 19) Distribution of Platydesmida in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. 20) Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distribution of the Order Polyzoniida, parameters as in Fig. 15.