Tripanda (Tripanda) horacekorum, Kment, Petr & Jindra, Zden Ě K, 2009

Kment, Petr & Jindra, Zden Ě K, 2009, A revision of Tripanda and Tenerva (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae), Zootaxa 1978, pp. 1-47 : 22-27

Tripanda (Tripanda) horacekorum sp. nov.

( Figs. 2 , 10, 21 , 34–35, 54–55, 62–63, 77, 81, 91, 98, 106–108, 118, 124–125, 146)

Tripanda signitenens auct.: Schouteden (1909): 49. Faunistics [revision necessary]. Tripanda signitenens auct.: Villiers (1952): 1209. Faunistics [revision necessary]. Tripanda signitenens auct.: Villiers (1957): 343. Ecology, faunistics [accepted]. Tripanda signitenens auct.: Schouteden (1964a): 93. Faunistics [revised!].

Tripanda signitenens auct.: Gillon (1972): 367 –368. Ecology, faunistics [revised!].

Tripanda signitenens auct: Medler (1980): 127. Checklist [accepted].

Tripanda signitenens auct: Linnavuori (1982): 8, 107, 109–110 (partim). Key to species; figures of pygophore, paramere, and spermathecal bulb; zoogeography; distribution (partim); faunistics [revised!].

Type locality. Nigeria, Ibadan.

Type material. HOLOTYPE ( Fig. 118 ): ɗ, ‘Ibadan [p] / 2.I [hw] V.1957 [p] / J.L.Gregory [p, white card] / / Brit.Mus. / 1957–298 [hw, white card] // HOLOTYPUS / TRIPANDA / HORACEKORUM / sp. nov. / det. P. Kment & Z. Jindra 2008 [p, red card]’ ( BMNH). Holotype and its detached pygophore, glued on the same piece of card.

PARATYPES (13 ɗɗ, 10 ΨΨ): CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Bangui, v.1970, 1 ɗ, M. Curti lgt. ( MHNG). GABON: Port-Gentil, xi.1955, 1 ɗ, 1 Ψ, F. Zielinski lgt. ( ZMUH). GHANA: Tafo, UV trap, 2. ii.1966, 1 ɗ, 23. ii.1966, 1 Ψ, no collector, R. Kumar 1971 det. as T. signitenens ( DARC). IVORY COAST: Bingerville, i.1963, 1 ɗ, J. Decelle lgt. ( MRAC); Foro Foro, 24.ii. [19]71, 1 ɗ; 28.ii. [19]71, 1 Ψ; 24.iii. [19]71, 2 ɗɗ; 6.iii. [19]71, 1 ɗ; 17.iii. [19]71, 1 Ψ; 18. x.1972, 1 Ψ, D. Duviard lgt., R. Linnavuori det. as T. signitenens ( NMWC); Toumodi env., Lamto [6°22'N 5°03'W], 31.iii. [19]64, 1 Ψ, D. Gillon lgt., H. Schouteden det. as T. signitenens, Coll. H. Schouteden ( MRAC); Lamto, light trap, 7. iv.1993, 1 Ψ, H. Perrin lgt. ( MNHN); Stat. Lamto, 26.-28. iv.1994, 1 ɗ, C. Girard lgt. ( MNHN). NIGERIA: Ibadan, 2. iv.1957, 2 ɗɗ, 2 ΨΨ, J. L.Gregory lgt., Brit.Mus. 1957–298 ( BMNH, 1 ɗ in NMPC); U. I. Farm M. V. [= Ibadan], light trap, 1. iii.1972, 1 Ψ, A. U. Oboite lgt. ( NMWC); Benin [City], B.M.1959–54, 2.-18. iv.1958, 1 ɗ, J. L. Gregory lgt. ( BMNH). SENE- GAL: Casamance, ii.1981, 1 ɗ, 8. ii.1981, 1 ɗ, B. Sigwalt lgt. ( MNHN). NO LOCALITY: Brit.Mus. 1957–298, 1 ɗ, G. M. Black 1966 det. as T. signitenens ( BMNH). All paratypes bearing the following label: ‘ PARATYPUS / TRIPANDA / HORACEKORUM / sp. nov. / det. P. Kment & Z. Jindra 2008 [p, red card]’.

Additional material examined. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Boukoko, 8.iv. [19]66, 1 Ψ, M. Boulard lgt. ( MNHN). GABON: Pointe-Noire, 1.xi. [19]55, 1 Ψ, F. Zielinski lgt. ( ZMUH). GHANA: Ashanti region, Kwadaso, 320 m a.s.l., N 6°42', W 1°39', mixed light, locality No. 327, 18. iii.1969, 1 Ψ, S. Endrödi- Younga lgt. ( HNHM). IVORY COAST: Adiopodoumé [Adiapo-Doumé], 29.i. [19]70, 1 Ψ, R. Linnavuori det. as T. signitenens . REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: M[on]t Fouari reserve near Gabon boundary, by lamplight, Soil Zoology Expedition, locality No. 455, 12. xii.1963, 1 Ψ, Balogh & Zicsi lgt. ( HNHM).

Description. Colouration ( Fig. 118 ). Body dorsally brown with more or less distinct orange tinge, ventral surface and appendages pale yellowish brown; anterior part of pronotal disc and head more or less darker; apical halves of antennomeres 4–5 (or entire antenomere 5) darkened; eyes dark, sometimes with silver luster; base of clypeus laterally with narrow black lines; two median callosities on pronotum ivory; lateral margins of anterior portion of metapleura darkened; membrane translucent with irregular brownish spots on veins; abdominal spiracles, very small spots on posterolateral corners of connexival segments, apex of rostrum, and apical halves of claws black.

Structure. Head ( Fig. 2 ) medially about as long as wide across eyes; paraclypei slightly insinuated in front of eyes, nearly parallel in median third, then parabolically rounded medially; clypeus and paraclypei not apparently depressed before apex. Dorsal surface of head densely covered with coarse brownish punctures. Antenniferes well visible from above. Antennomere 1 slightly stouter than antennomere 5 at its widest diameter. Ventral surface of head covered with concolorous to dark brown punctures.

Pronotum ( Figs. 10 , 118 ) medially as long as or slightly shorter than head; anterior angles slightly pointed; lateral margins rounded, not carinate, shallowly concave before humeral angles; humeral angles triangularly produced laterally, apically blunt; lateral margins behind humeral angles convex, nearly gradually narrowing posteriorly, only slightly insinuated before base of scutellum; posterior pronotal margin straight. Disc of pronotum bearing a pair of impunctate cicatrices and medially behind them a pair of large, impunctate, oval, horizontally oriented, slightly elevated callosities ( Fig. 21 ). Surface of pronotum covered with coarse brown punctures, more dense in its anterior part and on humeral angles; spaces among punctures convex, in posterior part larger ones of appearance of small callosities, forming also a more or less distinct impunctate longitudinal midline there.

Scutellum triangular, about as long as wide at base, slightly insinuated before apex; apex narrowly rounded. Surface covered with coarse, concolorous to dark brown punctures; spaces among punctures forming small callosities, these usually confluent and not prominently elevated.

Hemelytra. Clavi narrow, anteriorly with 4 rows of punctures. Surface covered with irregular coarse concolorous to dark brown punctures, sometimes forming irregular dark lines.

Thorax ventrally (except of evaporatoria) covered with large concolorous to dark punctures. Evaporatorium smooth with only very shallow gyrification.

Abdomen. Distinctly narrower than pronotum. Connexivum very wide, almost entire visible from above, posterolateral angles of segments hardly protruding from connexival outline; dorsal surface covered with dense, brown to black punctures. Abdominal venter convex, covered with sparse, shallow, concolorous to pale brown punctures.

Male genitalia. Pygophore small, trapezoidal in ventral view (Figs. 34–35, 124–125), lateral sides medially slightly concave in ventral view (Fig. 34); posterolateral angles laterally gibbous, very prominent in ventral view (Figs. 34, 124–125), narrowly produced, long and straight in lateral view (Fig. 35); genital chamber widely open ( Figs. 124–125 ); ventral rim infolding well developed, wide ( Fig. 125 ). Dorsal sclerites small, apices nearly parabolic (Figs. 62–63), in situ distinctly shorter than the paramere blade ( Figs. 124–125 ). Parameres small, blade large, their dorsal margin nearly straight, ventral margin arcuate, apex turned dorsally, rounded; blade with one small and low dorsal ridge-like and one lateral lobe-like projection ( Figs. 77, 81 ). Phallus small ( Fig. 91 ).

Female genitalia. External female genitalia ( Fig. 98 ). Apical receptacle of spermatheca ( Figs. 106–108 ) with one long recurved process slightly surpassing the proximal flange of intermediate part and 1 or 2 short recurved processes not exceeding distal flange; however, in the female from Boukoko ( Central African Republic), apical receptacle has two shorter, nearly equally long recurved processes slightly surpassing proximal margin of flexible zone. Distal part of spermathecal duct distinctly longer than in remaining species of the genus.

Measurements (see Table 1 ; mm). Body length 7.4–8.8 (males) / 8.6–10.4 (females). Measurements of the holotype (ɗ): Body length 8.0; head length 1.9; head width 1.7; vertex width 1.1; lengths of antennomeres: 1 – 0.4, 2 – 0.75, 3 – 0.65–0.7, 4 – 0.8–0.85, 5 – 1.05–1.1; pronotum length 1.8; pronotum width 5.2; scutellum length 2.9; scutellum width 3.1.

Variation. The specimens examined differ in intensity of yellowish to orange tones in their dorsal colouration (margins of head in front of eyes, anterolateral margins of pronotum and surrounding of pronotal callosities sometimes reddish), the colouration of punctures (punctures concolorous to black; punctures on abdominal venter rarely reddish), and the development of small callosities on surface of scutellum and posterior part of pronotal disc. In some of the specimens the dark brown punctures on corium form irregular lines. In one specimen from Ibadan the legs (especially tibiae) are darkened, and the entire body (including pronotal callosities) of the specimen from Adiapo-Doumé is dark brown (maybe caused by killing). There is also a slight variation in lengths of antennomeres (in some specimens antennomeres 2 and 3, or antennomeres 2 and 4, are equally long), shape of head (in specimens from Foro Foro the head is apically less rounded, nearly triangular), and shape of the humeral angles which are more or less narrowly rounded apically, sometimes even slightly elevated upwards. Shape of apical receptacle of spermatheca variable ( Figs. 106–108 ).

Differential diagnosis. Smallest species of Tripanda s. str. Habitually similar to T. signitenens and T. jurickorum sp. nov., from which it differs especially by the structure of male genitalia. Pygophore small (Figs. 34–35, 124–125), its lateral sides medially slightly concave in ventral view (Fig. 34); posterolateral angles laterally gibbous, very prominent in ventral view (Figs. 34, 124–125), narrowly produced, long and straight in lateral view (Fig. 35); genital chamber widely open ( Figs. 124–125 ); ventral rim infolding well developed, wide ( Fig. 125 ). Dorsal sclerites small, their apices nearly parabolic (Figs. 62, 63), in situ distinctly shorter than the paramere blade ( Figs. 124–125 ). Parameres small with large blade, its dorsal margin is nearly straight and ventral margin is arcuate, apex turned dorsally and rounded; blade with one dorsal small and low ridgelike and one lateral lobe-like projection ( Figs. 77, 81 ). Phallus small ( Fig. 91 ). None of the processes of the apical sparmathecal receptacle ( Figs. 106–108 ) is either straight or recurved and are very long, surpassing proximal flange of intermediate part; distal part of spermathecal duct distinctly longer than in remaining species of the genus. Concerning the external, non-genitalic characters, the following should be helpful for identification: Head distinctly parabolic in front of eyes ( Fig. 2 ); humeral angles of pronotum less produced, narrowly rounded apically ( Fig. 10 ); median pronotal callosities large, broadly oval ( Figs. 21 , 118 ); body dorsally brownish, the orange tinge usually less vivid than in T. signitenens ; small callosities among punctures on scutellar surface usually largelly confluent and not elevated ( Fig. 118 ).

Etymology. Patronym, dedicated to my [P. Kment] dear friends Jitka Schlägelová-Horáčková and Karel Horáček (Kladno, Czech Republic), as a symbolic present to their long expected wedding.

Bionomics. Gillon (1972, as T. signitenens ) never collected this species directly in the savanna during her extensive study of Pentatomidae at Lamto ( Ivory Coast), but it was captured in a light trap at the same place. According to Gillon (1972), the species probably lives in treetops in a nearby gallery forest. Villiers (1957) listed T. signitenens among the species occurring in niayes, a characteristic rich vegetation of inundated areas of Cap Vert peninsula in Senegal. The most characteristic plant species of the niayes is the oil palm Elais guineensis (Arecaceae) , forming dense palmeries; but this vegetation includes also a number of plant species characteristic of more southern, humid regions along the Gulf of Guinea (see Villiers (1957) for more details). Specimens from Ibadan ( Nigeria), Mt. Fouari ( Republic of the Congo), and Lamto ( Ivory Coast) were collected at light, and some specimens from Ghana were collected by UV trap (Tafo) or mixed light (Kwadaso). Adults were collected in January, February, March, April, May, October, November, and December ( Linnavuori 1982, as T. signitenens ; this paper). At the localities Ibadan and Ile-Ife (both Nigeria), Adiapo-Doumé and Bingerville (both Ivory Coast), it was collected syntopically with T. dispar , at Boukoko ( Central African Republic) and Tafo ( Ghana) together with T. longiceps , and at Foro Foro ( Ivory Coast) with both T. dispar and T. longiceps . The distribution area of T. horacekorum sp. nov. corresponds to the area of tropical rain forest and deciduous forest – woodland savanna biomes ( Fig. 147 ).

Distribution ( Fig. 146 ). Central African Republic (new record), Gabon ( Schouteden 1909, as T. signitenens , no exact locality given; this paper), Ghana (new record), Ivory Coast ( Linnavuori (1982, as T. signitenens ): Foro Foro; this paper), Nigeria ( Linnavuori (1982, as T. signitenens ): Ibadan, Ile-Ife; this paper), Republic of the Congo (this paper), and Senegal ( Villiers (1957, as T. signitenens ): Cap Vert; this paper). The unrevised records from Cameroon ( Schouteden (1909): Mundame) and Togo ( Villiers (1952): Tohoun) may also belong to this species

Figures

FIGURE 146. Distribution map of Tripanda species.

FIGURE 147. Vegetation map of Africa. (Adopted from http: // exploringafrica. matrix. msu. edu / images / africavegetation. jpg).

FIGURES 1 – 8. Head in dorsal view (3 – 8 — antenniferes omitted). 1 — Tripanda dispar Schouteden, 1964 (Ivory Coast: Bingerville, lectotype); 2 — T. horacekorum sp. nov. (Ivory Coast: Foro Foro); 3 — T. jurickorum sp. nov. (Guinea: Mt. Nimba, holotype); 4 — T. longiceps (Villiers, 1967) (Central African Republic: Boukoko); 5 – 6 — T. signitenens (Distant, 1898) (Zambia: Kalambo Falls); 7 — T. collaris (Cachan, 1952) (Madagascar: Ambanja env.); 8 — T. decorata (Jensen-Haarup, 1937) (Namibia: Ogongo).

FIGURES 9 – 26. 9 – 20 — humeral angles of pronotum. 9 — Tripanda dispar Schouteden, 1964 (Ivory Coast: Bingerville, lectotype); 10 — T. horacekorum sp. nov. (Ivory Coast: Foro Foro); 11 — T. jurickorum sp. nov. (Guinea: Mt. Nimba, holotype); 12 — T. sp. (Gabon: Komo); 13 – 14 — T. longiceps (Villiers, 1967) (13 — Guinea: Mt. Nimba, 14 — Central African Republic: Boukoko); 15 – 16 — T. signitenens (Distant, 1898) (Zambia: Kalambo Falls); 17 — T. collaris (Cachan, 1952) (Madagascar: Ambanja env.); 18 – 20 — T. decorata (Jensen-Haarup, 1937) (18 – 19 — Namibia: Ogongo, 20 — Yemen: Al Kowd). 21 – 26 — median pronotal callosities. 21 — T. horacekorum sp. nov. (Ivory Coast: Foro Foro); 22 — T. jurickorum sp. nov. (Guinea: Mt. Nimba, holotype); 23 — T. signitenens (Distant, 1898) (Zambia: Kalambo Falls); 24 — T. collaris (Cachan, 1952) (Madagascar: Ambanja env.); 25 – 26 — T. decorata (Jensen-Haarup, 1937) (25 — Namibia: Ogongo, 26 — Yemen: Al Kowd).

FIGURES 118 – 121. Habitus of Tripanda species. 118 — T. horacekorum sp. nov., holotype, male (Nigeria: Ibadan, 8.0 mm); 119 — T. jurickorum sp. nov., holotype, male (Guinea: Mt. Nimba, 9.2 mm); 120 – 121 — T. signitenens (Distant, 1898): 120 — lectotype, female (South Africa: Pretoria, 10.2 mm); 121 — male (Zambia: Kasamo env., 10.3 mm). Photo: J. Macek.

FIGURES 122 – 131. Pygophores of Tripanda species (two different views). 122 – 123 — T. dispar Schouteden, 1964 (Ivory Coast: Bingerville, lectotype, width 1.7 mm); 124 – 125 — T. horacekorum sp. nov. (Nigeria: Ibadan, holotype, width 1.4 mm); 126 – 127 — T. jurickorum sp. nov. (Guinea: Mt. Nimba, holotype, width 1.7 mm); 128 – 129 — Tripanda longiceps (Villiers, 1967) (Central African Republic: Boukoko, width 2.0 mm); 130 – 131 — T. signitenens (Distant, 1898) (Zambia: Kalambo Falls, width 1.7 mm). Photo: J. Macek.

FIGURES 76 – 83. 76 – 79 — paramere, lateral view (a – e — different positions). 76 — Tripanda dispar Schouteden, 1964 (Ivory Coast: Adiapo-Doumé); 77 — T. horacekorum sp. nov. (Senegal: Casamance); 78 — T. collaris (Cachan, 1952) (Madagascar: Ambanja env.); 79 — T. decorata (Jensen-Haarup, 1937) (Yemen: Al Kowd). 80 – 83 — paramere seen in most exposed view of detached pygophore (ventral rim above, dosal rim below, see left part of pygophore). 80 — T. dispar (Ivory Coast: Bingerville, lectotype); 81 — T. horacekorum sp. nov. (Senegal: Casamance); 82 — T. collaris (Madagascar: Rogez); 83 — T. decorata (Yemen: Al Kowd).

FIGURES 90 – 93. Phallus (a – c — different positions; 92, 93 b — bases omitted). 90 — Tripanda dispar Schouteden, 1964 (Ivory Coast: Adiapo-Doumé); 91 — T. horacekorum sp. nov. (Senegal: Casamance); 92 — T. collaris (Cachan, 1952) (Madagascar: Ambanja env.); 93 — T. decorata (Jensen-Haarup, 1937) (Yemen: Al Kowd).

FIGURES 97 – 100. External female genitalia. 97 — Tripanda dispar Schouteden, 1964 (Nigeria: Ibadan); 98 — T. horacekorum sp. nov. (Nigeria: Ibadan); 99 — T. signitenens (Distant, 1898) (Zambia: Kalambo Falls); 100 — T. decorata (Jensen-Haarup, 1937) (Zimbabwe: Bubi). Abbreviations: gap 9 — gonapophyses 9, gx 8 - 9 — gonocoxites 8 - 9, lt 8 - 9 — laterotergites 8 - 9, X—segment X.

FIGURES 101 – 117. 101 – 104 — internal female genitalia. 101 — Tripanda dispar Schouteden, 1964 (Nigeria: Ibadan); 102 — T. longiceps (Villiers, 1967) (Central African Republic: Boukoko); 103 — T. signitenens (Distant, 1898) (Zambia: Kalambo Falls); 104 — T. decorata (Jensen-Haarup, 1937) (Namibia: Ogongo). 105 – 117 — apical receptacle of spermatheca. 105 — T. dispar (Nigeria: Ibadan); 106 – 108 — T. horacekorum sp. nov. (106 — Ivory Coast: Foro Foro, 107 — Ivory Coast: Adiopodoumé, 108 — Central African Republic: Boukoko); 109 — T. jurickorum sp. nov. (Guinea: Mt. Nimba); 110 — T. longiceps (Central African Republic: Boukoko); 111 – 114 — T. signitenens (111 — Angola: Gangassol, 112 — South Africa: Borakalalo, 113 – 114 — Zambia: Kalambo Falls); 115 — T. sp. (Gabon: Komo); 116 — T. collaris (Madagascar: Ambanja env.); 117 — T. decorata (Namibia: Ogongo). Abbreviations: ar — apical receptacle of spermatheca, atv — anterior thickenings of vaginal intima, dd — distal part of the spermathecal duct; dfl — distal flange, dil — dilatation of the spermathecal duct, fz — flexible zone, gap 9 — gonapophyses 9, ip — intermediate part of the spermatheca, lt 9 — laterotergites 9, pd — proximal duct, pfl — proximal flange, rs — ring sclerite.

Tables

TABLE 1. Measurements of Tripanda species.

Species (M = males) (F = females)	Body length	Head length	Head width	Interocu- lar width	Antenno- mere I length	Antenno- mere II length	Antenno- mere III length	Antenno- mere IV length	Antenno- mere V length	Pronotum length	Pronotum width	Scutellum length	Scutellum width
. collaris (n = 5) (n = 3)	7.9–8.7 8.7–9.0	1.6–1.8 1.9–2.0	1.6–1.7 1.7–1.9	1.1 1.1–1.2	0.35–0.4 0.4	0.7–0.8 0.8–0.85	0.65–0.8 0.6–0.7	0.9–1.0 0.95–1.0	1.1 1.1	1.7–2.0 1.9–2.1	5.5–6.0 5.6–6.3	3.2–3.4 3.3–3.8	3.0–3.3 3.2–3.6
. decorata (n = 8) (n = 15)	7.8–9.5 9.0–12.1	1.7–2.0 1.9–2.5	1.6–2.0 1.8–2.3	1.0–1.2 1.2–1.5	0.35–0.55 0.4–0.5	0.75–0.95 0.75–1.05	(0.45)– 0.65–0.95 0.7–1.0	0.85–1.1 0.85–1.2	1.0–1.15 1.0–1.25	1.6–2.1 1.9–2.5	5.1–6.8 6.1–8.4	2.9–3.9 3.5–4.7	2.8–3.9 3.3–4.4
. dispar (n = 4) (n = 3)	9.4–10.1 9.8–10.8	1.9–2.0 2.0–2.1	1.9–2.0 1.9–2.0	1.1–1.2 1.2–1.3	0.4–0.45 0.45–0.5	0.75–0.8 0.75–0.85	0.65–0.8 0.65–0.75	0.85–0.95 0.85–0.9	1.15–1.2 1.15–1.2	2.2–2.5 2.3–2.5	5.9–6.2 5.9–6.3	3.8–4.1 4.0–4.3	3.6–3.8 3.7–3.9
. horacekorum (n = 13) (n = 9)	7.4–8.8 8.6–10.4	1.7–1.9 1.9–2.2	1.7–1.9 1.8–1.9	1.1–1.2 1.1–1.3	0.35–0.45 0.4–0.45	0.7–0.85 0.75–0.85	0.55–0.75 0.65–0.8	0.75–0.95 0.85–0.95	0.95–1.15 1.1–1.2	1.6–1.9 1.8–2.3	5.0–6.0 5.8–6.9	2.7–3.3 3.2–3.9	2.9–3.4 3.3–4.1
. jurickorum (n = 1) (n = 1)	9.2 9.7	1.9 1.9	1.8 1.8	1.2 1.2	0.4 0.4	0.85 missing	0.8 missing	1.0 missing	1.3 missing	2.0 2.0	6.2 6.2	3.5 3.5	3.7 3.7
. longiceps (n = 3) (n = 5)	10.2–11.3 11.5–12.1	2.5–2.7 2.6–2.7	2.2–2.3 2.2–2.4	1.3–1.5 1.4–1.5	0.55 0.45–0.6	1.0–1.05 1.05–1.15	0.8–0.85 0.85–0.95	1.1 1.15–1.2	1.35 1.35–1.5	2.3–2.4 2.5–2.6	7.5–7.7 8.0–8.5	4.2–4.3 4.4–4.8	4.1–4.3 4.4–4.8
. signitenens (n = 10) (n = 10)	9.1–10.2 9.7–11.1	1.8–2.1 1.9–2.3	1–8–2.0 1.9–2.1	1.1–1.2 1.2–1.3	0.4–0.45 0.4–0.45	0.75–0.95 0–9–1.0	0.7–0.85 0.7–0.85	0.85–1.0 0.9–1.05	1.0–1.15 1.05–1.15	1.9–2.2 1.8–2.3	6.0–7.2 6.3–7.2	3.4–3.9 3.7–4.2	3.3–3.8 3.6–4.1