Trigoniulus corallinus (Gervais, 1842)

Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti, Bouzan, Rodrigo Salvador, Rodrigues, Patrícia Elesbão da Silva, Almeida, Thais Melo de, Ott, Ricardo & Brescovit, Antonio Domingos, 2021, A preliminary survey and range extension of millipedes species introduced in Brazil (Myriapoda, Diplopoda), Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 61, pp. 1-18 : 11

Trigoniulus corallinus (Gervais, 1842) ( Figs. 2A , 4E , 5 C-D)

Descriptive notes: See Shelley & Lehtinen (1999: 1389, figs. 8-14).

Note: An overview of its taxonomic status was made by Shelley & Lehtinen (1999).

Identification: The species is easily recognized by the strongly reddish color in life (Fig. 9e). According to the diagnosis made by Shelley & Lehtinen (1999, figs. 11-13), males of T. corallinus are recognized by the coxae of the anterior gonopods narrowly separated by subtriangular sternum indented in midline; telopodites subtriangular, extending directly mediad ( Fig. 5C ), telopodites of the posterior gonopods rounded and with broad medial lobe at midlength; two inner projections arising basally from lobe and directed distad; and outer projection with notch on inner margin, expanded distad ( Fig. 5D ).

Distribution: Trigoniulus corallinus presents a tropical distribution ( Hoffman, 1999; Shelley, 1998b; Shelley & Lehtinen, 1999; Korsós, 2004; Enghoff et al., 2015). In Brazil, the species is distributed predominantly in the North and Northeast regions, occurring in urban and rural areas, greenhouses, and forests. Records from the state of Rio de Janeiro are due to its use for the production of organic compost for agriculture ( Antunes et al., 2016, 2019). Species of Trigoniulinae distributed in the Neotropical region are supposedly introduced from SE Asia (see Hoffman, 1994; Hoffman et al., 1996).

Material examined: Roraima: Caracaraí, Serra da Mocidade [01.491084°S; - 61.78333333°W], 25.i-06. ii.2016, M. Oliveira, F.F. Xavier & T. Mahlmann coll., ♂ ( INPA) ; Parque Nacional Serra da Mocidade , [01.074634°S; - 61.900000001°W], 15-26.i.2016, F.F. Xavier, R. Boldrini & P. Barroso coll., 2♂ 2♀ ( INPA) ; Igarapé Caicubi [00.560220°S; - 62.168280°W], Pupunha, pitfall, 22.x.2008, Ana coll., ♂ ♀ ( INPA) ; Amazonas: Manaus , campus INPA [- 03.0960583°S; - 59.9894389°W], 12.vii.2016, D.P. Cordeiro coll., ♂ ( INPA) ; Pará: Belém, Bairro Terra Firme [- 01.457070°S; - 48.451254°W], 22-23. vi.2010, R. Ott coll., 4♂ 6♀ ( MCN 659 ) ; 17♂ 11♀ 3 immatures ( MPEG Myr-00048) ; Tocantins: Araguaína [- 15.200975°S; - 51.852218°W], campus UFT, 02.xi.2016, M. Lopes coll., ♂ ♀ ( IBSP 7494 ) ; 13.xi.2016, M. Lopes coll., Quintal de Casa , 4♂ 3♀ ( IBSP 7495 ) ; Bairro da Cimba , 08.viii.2015, F. Costa coll., ♂ ♀ ( IBSP 7496 ) ; 16.ix.2014, V. S. Marinho coll., Urban area , ♀ ( IBSP 7497 ) ; Pernambuco: Recife [- 08.056951°S; - 34.929493°W], 26.vi.1946, M.L. Siqueira coll., 2♂ ( MZSP) ; campus Instituto Ricardo Brennand [- 08.055537°S; - 34.959112°W], 27.viii.2010, R. Ott coll., ♂ 8♀ ( MCN 611 ) ; Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro [- 22.921765°S; - 43.169510°W], 13.xii.1954, H. Lopes coll., ♂ ( MZSP) .

Historical records: Amazonas: Manaus [- 03.023045°S; - 59.965390°W], Bicego coll., 8♂ 2♀ ( Brölemann, 1902) ; Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental [- 02.893744°S; - 59.973109°W] (Hofffman et al., 2002) ; Pará: Ananindeua, Aurá [- 01.408310°S;- 48.397542°W], 05.iii.1958, L.Travassos coll., 3♂ 10♀ ( Schubart, 1958b) ; 04.iii.1958, ♀ ( Schubart, 1958b); Entrada de Utinga [- 01.42599°S; - 48.444631°W], 12.iii.1958, L. Travassos coll., 2♂ 2♀ ( Schubart, 1958b) ; Pernambuco: Recife [- 08.0539°S; - 34.8811°W], Bairro dos Afogados, 14.xiii.1934, O. Schubart coll. ( Schubart, 1958b) ; Bairro do Payssandú , 26.iv.1946, M.L. Siqueira coll., 4♂ 6♀ 2♀ immature ( Schubart, 1958b) ; Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Bairro Leblon [- 22.985714°S; - 43.222412°W], 25.xii.1941, A.C. Aguirre coll., 2♂ 4♀ ( Schubart, 1958b) ; Bairro Brás de Pina [- 22.831870°S; - 43.296731°W], 25.iii.1947, A.C. Aguirre coll., 2♂ ♂ immature ( Schubart, 1958b) ; Bairro do Andaraí [- 22.927367°S; - 43.251521°W], i.1953, J. Becker coll., 2♀ ( Schubart, 1958b) ; campus Universidade Rural ,km 47 [- 22.768546°S; - 43.687338°W], xii.1957, H.S. Lópes coll., ♂ 2♀ ( Schubart, 1958b) ; Seropédica [- 22.768582°S; - 43.706134°W], 2017, L.F.S. Antunes et al. coll. ( Antunes et al., 2019) .

Figures

Figure 2. Distribution maps of Trigoniulus corallinus, Leptogoniulus sorornus (Spirobolida, Pachybolidae), Cylindroiulus truncorum (Julida, Julidae), Paraspirobolus lucifugus (Spirobolida,Spirobolellidae),and Rhinotus purpureus (Polyzoniida,Siphonotidae).

Figure 4. Introduced species in Brazil, habitus: (A) Orthomorpha coarctata; (B) Oxidus gracilis; (C, D) Glyphiulus granulatus; (E) Trigoniulus corallinus; (F) Rhinotus purpureus.Scale bars:2 mm (A, B, E);500 µm (C,D); 200 µm (F).

Figure 5. (A) Oxidus gracilis, gonopod in mesal view; (B) Orthomorpha coarctata, gonopod in mesal view; (C) Trigoniulus corallinus, anterior gonopods in anterior view;(D) Trigoniuluscorallinus, telopodite of left posterior gonopod in anterior view;(E) Rhinotuspurpureus, anterior gonopod in posterior view;(F) Rhinotuspurpureus, posterior gonopod in posterior view.Scale bars:100µm (A,B,E,F);750 µm (C);1 mm (D).