Protaphycus shuvalikovi Simutnik, 2022
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publication ID |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.91.81957 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F201EAA7-DD99-43E4-A4AA-B0A544B325C7 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/39ACC8AE-D2E1-42C4-A8AB-092043010DA1 |
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taxon LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:act:39ACC8AE-D2E1-42C4-A8AB-092043010DA1 |
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treatment provided by |
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scientific name |
Protaphycus shuvalikovi Simutnik |
| status |
sp. nov. |
Protaphycus shuvalikovi Simutnik sp. nov.
Figs 1 View Figure 1 , 2 View Figure 2
Material.
Holotype, SIZK ZH-98, 1♀, Zhovkini , Varash District, Rovno Region, Ukraine; Rovno amber, late Eocene. The inclusion is in a yellow and clear piece of amber in a shape of irregular triangular prism (ca. 22 × 10 × 12 × 6 mm). All body parts are preserved.
Syninclusions.
ZH-93 Coleoptera :? Anthicidae ; ZH-94 Diptera : Chironomidae ; ZH-95 Coleoptera : Scirtidae ; ZH-96 Coleoptera , 2 Diptera : Sciaridae , Cecydomyiidae ); ZH-97 Diptera : Chironomidae ; ZH-98 4 Diptera : Sciaridae , Limoniidae , Chironomidae , Nematocera ; ZH-99 Hymenoptera : Mymarommatidae , Diptera : Chironomidae , Collembola : Entomobryomorpha ; ZH-100 2 Diptera : Psychodidae , Chironomidae ; ZH-101 Hymenoptera ; ZH-102 Limoniidae ; ZH-103 Diptera : Sciaridae ; ZH-104 Diptera : Sciaridae ; ZH-105 Diptera : Empididae ; ZH-106 Diptera : Chironomidae ; ZH-107 Thysanoptera ; ZH-108 Diptera : Chironomidae ; ZH-109 Diptera : Brachycera ; ZH-110 Diptera : Chironomidae ; ZH-111 Thysanoptera : Thripidae ; ZH-112 2 Diptera : Hybotidae , Chironomidae .
Etymology.
The species is named in memory of our colleague Vladimir Borisovich Shuvalikov, an entomologist, geneticist, and teacher.
Description.
Female. Habitus as in Fig. 1A, B View Figure 1 . Body length 0.6 mm.
Coloration and sculpture. Body, tegula, legs, gaster dorsally and ventrally black; clava darker than F6 (Fig. 2A View Figure 2 ); surface of frontovertex, mesoscutum, scutellum and axillae smooth, shiny (probably due to the presence of a thin layer of air), but without visible metallic shine; mesoscutum with rare black setae (Fig. 1A View Figure 1 ), ovipositor sheaths pale yellow; head, thorax, legs, and gaster shallow reticulate, but surface of head only sparsely punctate, some cells of frontovertex with one convex point (Fig. 1A View Figure 1 ).
Head. Hypognathous, slightly wider than thorax in dorsal view, about 1.5 × as broad as long; occipital margin sharp, but not carinate (Fig. 1B View Figure 1 ); eyes clothed in sparse setae 2 × as long as diameter of eye facet (Fig. 1A View Figure 1 ), with inner orbits parallel; frontovertex only slightly longer than broad, almost one-third head width; ocelli in right-angled triangle, posterior ocelli elliptical in dorsal view, OOL about one-third posterior ocellus diameter (Fig. 1A, B View Figure 1 ); OCL slightly shorter than posterior ocellar diameter; OOL:POL:LOL:OCL about 1:8:5:2; eye reaching occipital margin; facial cavity, location of toruli, and interantennal prominence not visible in holotype.
Antenna. Geniculate, 11-segmented (1:1:6:3); scape long, not widened (Fig. 1B View Figure 1 ); pedicel conical, about as long as F1-F4 combined, longer than any segment of funicle, all funicular segments transverse, F1-F4 very small and subequal (Fig. 1A, B View Figure 1 ), mps not visible; F6 twice as broad as long (Fig. 2A View Figure 2 ); width of flagellomeres increases toward apex; at least, all segments of clava with mps (Fig. 2A View Figure 2 ); clava large, only slightly shorter than funicle (Fig. 1A View Figure 1 ); about 2 × as long as broad, with small oblique truncation (sensor region) on rounded apical segment (Fig. 2 A View Figure 2 ), wider than F6; flagellum and clava clothed in very short setae.
Mesosoma. Pronotum almost vertical, with small transverse dorsal surface (Fig. 1A, B View Figure 1 ); mesoscutum broader than long, flat, notaular lines present as grooves (Fig. 1A, B View Figure 1 : n) at extreme anterior part of mesoscutum; axillae transverse-triangular with anteromedial angles contiguous (Fig. 1A View Figure 1 ); scutellum flat, about as long as mesoscutum.
Wings. Fully developed, forewings wide, with round apex; linea calva with filum spinosum, covering setae along basal margin of linea calva present, well developed (Fig. 1A,B View Figure 1 : cs); area basal to covering setae bare and looking like speculum (Fig. 1A View Figure 1 ); hyaline break (unpigmented area) present; proportions of forewing venation, shape of parastigma, and setation of linea calva as in Figs 1A,B View Figure 1 , 2A View Figure 2 ; marginal vein 2 × as long as broad and about 1.5 as long as postmarginal (Fig. 1A,B View Figure 1 ); stigmal vein with long narrow uncus, consisting row of uncal sensilla; seta marking apex of postmarginal vein of fore wing not longer than others on the marginal and postmarginal veins; setae of marginal fringe short.
Legs. Normal in size, alike polygonal reticulate; tarsi 5-segmented, mesotibial spur slightly longer than mesobasitarsus, both relatively short (Fig. 2A View Figure 2 ).
Gaster. Polygonal reticulate equal dorsally and ventrally; apex of hypopygium sharp, distinctly reaching way past apex of syntergum (Fig. 2C View Figure 2 : hyp, syn); gonostyli (Fig. 2C View Figure 2 : v3) separated from apex of hypopygium; lateral margin of hypopygium bare, without row of setae; shape of hypopygium, location of cercal plates, and cercal setae as in Fig. 2B, C View Figure 2 .
Male. Unknown.
The earliest known Encyrtidae include one female and four males were ascribed to five different genera from middle Eocene Sakhalinian amber ( Simutnik 2021; Simutnik et al. 2021a). They did not have the filum spinosum and differed significantly from the both extant and late Eocene European encyrtids. To date, 16 species from 14 extinct genera are described from the Rovno, Baltic, and Danish ambers. Half of them, including the Protaphycus shuvalikovi , had the filum spinosum and, putatively, belong to Encyrtinae . The most of the known European amber Encyrtidae differ from the majority of extant ones by the subapical position of the cerci, the relatively long marginal vein of the forewing, a distinctly swollen but not triangular parastigma, a short radicle, and by a seta marking the apex of the postmarginal vein that is not any longer than others on this vein. The Sulia glaesaria Simutnik, 2015 with a unique abdominal structure, a largest of the known extinct members of the family, was described from Danish amber and then reported from Rovno amber ( Simutnik 2015a; Simutnik et al. 2021b).
A comparative morphological analysis of the paleontological data allowed tracing character changes in some morphological structures in members of the family from the middle Eocene, through the late Eocene, to the present ( Simutnik 2021). However, further analysis is required to determine the place of these fossil on the phylogenetic tree.
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