Manota, Williston, 1896

Jaschhof, Mathias & Hippa, Heikki, 2005, The genus Manota in Costa Rica (Diptera: Mycetophilidae), Zootaxa 1011 (1), pp. 1-54 : 5-8

Species of Manota in Costa Rica

General morphology. The adult morphology of Costa Rican species of Manota fits well into the outline given by Söli (1993), with taxonomically important characters as follows:

Species small (wing length about 1.4–1.7 mm) to large (wing length about 2.0– 2.4 mm).

Head. Antenna with fourth flagellomere 1.5–2.5 times as long as wide ( Fig. 1A, B ). Third palpomere on apical process with large, curved sensilla, numbering 3 in most species, but 2 or 4–5 in others; fourth palpomere apically with a short, knob­like process or a distinct, small parasegment.

Thorax (See Söli 1993, Fig. 1D ). Anepisternum fully setose. Anepisternal cleft completely separating anepisternum and anterior basalare, or almost so. Anterior basalare setose or bare. Preepisternum 2 bare. Laterotergite setose or bare. Episternum 3 setose. Wing ( Fig. 1C ). Membrane non­setose, or with a few setae along posterior margin; microtrichia on either side arranged in rows. (The irregular impression as described by Söli (1993) results from the fact that the rows on each side of the membrane do not always coincide.) Portion of Sc basally of h setose ventrally; portion distally of h setose on both sides, on one side, or bare. CuA­fork complete, or incomplete due to fading away of most proximal portion of CuA2. CuA­stem bare. CuP present as a fold­line immediately posterior of CuA­stem. A1 absent as a distinct vein, occasionally indicated by a line of setae between CuA2 and A2. A2 present as a faint vein, usually long but never reaching wing margin, following curvature of anal lobe, setose. (In the literature on the Mycetophilidae including Manota (for instance, Söli 1993), the homology of the posterior veins, CuP, A1, and A2, has no unanimous interpretation. Our interpretation is based on the fact that (1) a line of setae between CuA2 and the most posterior vein indicates the presence of another vein which, if considered to be a true vein, could only be A1, and (2) the most posterior vein takes a position and curvature which one would only expect for A2.)

Male terminalia ( Figs 1D , 2 , 4 , 14 ). Sternite 9 present as a separate sclerite, or more or less merged with gonocoxites. Tergite 9 in most species discernible as a weakly sclerotised, curved bar between dorsal portions of gonocoxites. Gonocoxites often with large disto­lateral lobes, particularly large in species with size­reduced gonostyli. Posterior of ventro­lateral lobes of gonocoxites with a separate rim bearing 1 or more seta(e). Gonocoxites dorso­interiorly with a species specific array of setae and/or megasetae, often situated on lobes and referable to homologous positions I–IV. Gonocoxal apodemes well developed. Gonostyli of usual size, or more or less greatly reduced in size. Parastylar lobes distinct in most species, but very faint or absent in others. Ejaculatory apodeme not discernible, or, in a very few species, visible as a very weakly sclerotised rod running into ventro­distal margin of tegmen. Parameres fused to form a tegmen. Parameral apodemes well developed, crossing or meeting gonocoxal apodemes, both apparently interlocked. Tegmen ventro­laterally with membraneous lobes sometimes very large; apically with a tube­like process directed ventrally or postero­ventrally, with opening at apex and ejaculatory duct leading therein. Hypoproct large, bilobed with lobes merged posteriorly; ventro­ and disto­laterally setose or setulose, distally with pairs of large setae pointing posteriorly. Tergite 10 occasionally discernible as a bare, apparently membraneous plate, or a rounded rim posterior of hypoproct. Cerci large; densely setose.

Even though not studied in detail here, the females of Costa Rican species do not differ fundamentally from those previously described or known to us from elsewhere.

Species groups. Based mainly on characters of the male terminalia, two species groups are recognisable.

(1) Terminalia with disto­lateral lobes of gonocoxites large, and gonostyli reduced in size and vestiture (= synapomorphous characters). Laterotergites bare in the majority of species, but setose in two others. The following species form a monophyletic group: Manota acuminata , M. acutistylus , M. arenalensis , M. corcovado , M. costaricensis , M. diversiseta , M. eximia , M. fraterna , M. incisa , M. inornata , M. limonensis , M. montivaga , M. parva , M. rotundistylus , M. spinosa , and M. vexillifera .

In Manota intermedia , M. planistylus , and M. rectolobata (= planistylus subgroup), the disto­lateral lobes of the gonocoxites are very small and the gonostyli very large, which are presumably reversals of the states described above. As details of the vestiture of the gonostyli correspond with the species grouped under (1), we have no doubt that the planistylus subgroup belongs there.

Manota bihamata and M. penicillata , both with little­reduced gonostyli and setose laterotergites, are also best grouped under (1).

(2) Terminalia with disto­lateral lobes of gonocoxites small or absent, and gonostyli large and strongly setose. Laterotergites setose or bare. This group, very probably not monophyletic, comprises species that lack the synapomorphous characters referred to under (1). Included here are Manota caribica , M. major , M. multisetosa , M. rara , M. squamulata , and M. tapantiensis .

Figures

FIGURE 1. Morphology of Manota spp. A: Antennal flagellomeres 3–5, lateral view, of M. spinosa sp. n. (0.1 mm). B: Antennal flagellomeres 3–5, lateral view, of M. rectolobata sp. n. (0.1 mm). C: Wing, dorsal view, of M. bihamata sp. n. (1.0 mm). D: Tegmen, ventro­lateral view, of M. rectolobata sp. n. (0.05 mm). Scale in parentheses. 1 = apical process, 2 = ventro­lateral lobe, 3 = parameral apodeme, 4 = ejaculatory apodeme, 5 = ejaculatory duct.

FIGURE 2. Male terminalia of Manota spp. A: Posterior portion of gonocoxites, lateral view of interior, of M. parva sp. n. B: Abdominal sclerite 8 and terminalia, lateral view, of M. planistylus sp. n. Scale 0.1 mm. 1 = segment 8, 2 = tergite 8, 3 = disto­lateral lobe of gonocoxites, 4 = ventrolateral lobe of gonocoxites, 5 = gonocoxal apodeme, 6 = gonostylus, 7 = tegmen, 8 = apical tegmen process, 9 = parameral apodeme, 10 = hypoproct (sternite 10), 11 = tergite 10, 12 = cercus, I–IV = positions of setae/megasetae on gonocoxites.

FIGURE 4. Manota caribica sp. n. A: Male terminalia, ventral view (holotype). B: Male terminalia, dorsal view (paratype). Scale = 0.1 mm. 1 = sternite 9, 2 = parastylar lobe, I–IV = positions of setae/megasetae on gonocoxites.

FIGURE 14. Manota montivaga sp. n. A: Male terminalia, ventral view (holotype). B: Male terminalia, central portion, ventral view (holotype). C: Male terminalia, dorsal view (paratype from Madreselva). Scale = 0.1 mm. 1 = posterior margin of sternite 9, 2 = tergite 9, 3 = disto­lateral lobe of gonocoxites, 4 = ventro­lateral lobe of gonocoxites, 5 = dorsal margin of gonocoxites, 6 = gonocoxal apodeme, 7 = gonostylus, 8 = ejaculatory apodeme, 9 = tegmen, 10 = parameral apodeme, 11 = apical process of tegmen, 12 = ventro­lateral lobe of tegmen, 13 = hypoproct (sternite 10), 14 = cercus.