Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy, J. Bot. 70: 329. 1932.

Pellegrini, Marco O. O., Hickman, Ellen J., Guttierrez, Jorge E., Smith, Rhian J. & Hopper, Stephen D., 2020, Revisiting the taxonomy of the Neotropical Haemodoraceae (Commelinales), PhytoKeys 169, pp. 1-59 : 1

publication ID

https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/44B44ADA-7CAE-530C-AF91-07A88A7AA826

treatment provided by

PhytoKeys by Pensoft

scientific name

Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy, J. Bot. 70: 329. 1932.
status

 

2.1. Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy, J. Bot. 70: 329. 1932. Figs 6 View Figure 6 , 7 View Figure 7 , 8 View Figure 8

Dilatris caroliniana Lam., Tabl. encycl. 1: 127. 1791, as " Caroliana ". Holotype. United States. North Carolina: s.loc., fl., fr., s.dat., Fraser s.n. (P-LA barcode P00382893!).

Heritiera tinctorium Walter ex J.F.Gmel., Syst. Nat. 2: 113. 1791, nom. superfl.

Heritiera gmelinii Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 21, pl. 4. 1803, as " Gmelini ", nom. superfl.

Dilatris heritiera Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 54. 1805, nom. superfl.

Gyrotheca tinctoria Salisb., Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 327. 1812; Gyrotheca tinctoria W.Stone, Pl. S. New Jersey 1: 354. 1911[1912], isonym.

Dilatris tinctoria Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 30-31. 1813[1814].

Lachnanthes tinctoria Elliott, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1(1): 47. 1816.

Lachnanthes tinctoria var. major C.Wright ex Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub.: 252. 1866. Lectotype (designated by Maas and Maas-van de Kamer 1993). CUBA. s.loc., fl., fr., 1860-1864, C. Wright 3270 (GOET barcode GOET004073!; isolectotypes: BM barcode BM000923988!; G barcode G00098220!, K barcode K000574289!, MO accession no. MO-202080!, NY barcodes 00073226!, 00073227!, P barcodes P00753470!, P00753471!, S accession no. S-R-3123!).

Anonymos tinctoria Walter, Fl. Carol.: 68. 1788, nom. rej.

Distribution and habitat.

Lachnanthes caroliniana is known to occur from Nova Scotia (Canada) to Florida (USA), reaching Cuba (Fig. 9 View Figure 9 ). It grows in marshy and acidic environments, swampy grasslands, and moist pine forests throughout its range, generally producing extensive clonal populations.

Phenology.

Flowers and fruits from April to November.

Conservation status.

Lachnanthes caroliniana possesses a wide EOO (1,886,962 km2) but a narrow AOO (ca. 616 km2). Nonetheless, although generally abundant within its native range, L. caroliniana is listed as Endangered in four USA States (i.e., Connecticut, Maryland, New York, and Tennessee), as Threatened in Rhode Island and of Special Concern in Massachusetts (USDA-NRCS 2013) and as Threatened in Canada ( COSEWIC 2009). Thus, following IUCN’s (2001) recommendations, L. caroliniana should be considered as Vulnerable (VU).

Comments.

Lachnanthes caroliniana is morphologically variable regarding stature and colouration, with much of this variation being related to environmental conditions. The roots and underground organs can range from yellowish-orange to dark red, the leaves, peduncles, bracts, and the outside of the tepals can range from light to dark green to bluish-green, and the tepals can be internal surface light green to yellowish-green to bright yellow. Aside from that, plants can range from 10 cm to over 100 cm tall.

Lachnanthes caroliniana is commonly considered a widespread weed in blueberry and cranberry crops ( Meggitt and Aldrich 1959; Robertson 1976; Meyers et al. 2013), pastures ( Ferrell et al. 2009) and to form extensive clonal populations followed by feral swine rooting disturbance ( Boughton et al. 2016). Nonetheless, L. caroliniana is an important nectar source for many insects (Hopper, pers. observ.) and a pollen source for bees and certain flies. It is viewed as an important "bridge species" supporting flower visitors in summer until fall (autumn) daisies begin to bloom ( Boughton et al. 2016). Its seeds also constitute an important food source for sandhill cranes ( Valentine and Noble 1970).

Kingdom

Plantae

Phylum

Tracheophyta

Class

Liliopsida

Order

Commelinales

Family

Haemodoraceae

Genus

Lachnanthes

Loc

Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy, J. Bot. 70: 329. 1932.

Pellegrini, Marco O. O., Hickman, Ellen J., Guttierrez, Jorge E., Smith, Rhian J. & Hopper, Stephen D. 2020
2020
Loc

Lachnanthes tinctoria var. major

C.Wright ex Grisebach 1866
1866
Loc

Lachnanthes tinctoria

Elliott 1816
1816
Loc

Dilatris tinctoria

Pursh 1813
1813
Loc

Dilatris heritiera

Pers 1805
1805
Loc

Heritiera gmelinii

Michx 1803
1803
Loc

Dilatris caroliniana

Lam 1791
1791
Loc

Heritiera tinctorium

Walter ex J. F. Gmel 1791
1791
Loc

Anonymos tinctoria

Walter 1788
1788