Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy, J. Bot. 70: 329. 1932.
publication ID |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996 |
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/44B44ADA-7CAE-530C-AF91-07A88A7AA826 |
treatment provided by |
|
scientific name |
Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy, J. Bot. 70: 329. 1932. |
status |
|
2.1. Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy, J. Bot. 70: 329. 1932. Figs 6 View Figure 6 , 7 View Figure 7 , 8 View Figure 8
Dilatris caroliniana Lam., Tabl. encycl. 1: 127. 1791, as " Caroliana ". Holotype. United States. North Carolina: s.loc., fl., fr., s.dat., Fraser s.n. (P-LA barcode P00382893!).
Heritiera tinctorium Walter ex J.F.Gmel., Syst. Nat. 2: 113. 1791, nom. superfl.
Heritiera gmelinii Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 21, pl. 4. 1803, as " Gmelini ", nom. superfl.
Dilatris heritiera Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 54. 1805, nom. superfl.
Gyrotheca tinctoria Salisb., Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 327. 1812; Gyrotheca tinctoria W.Stone, Pl. S. New Jersey 1: 354. 1911[1912], isonym.
Dilatris tinctoria Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 30-31. 1813[1814].
Lachnanthes tinctoria Elliott, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1(1): 47. 1816.
Lachnanthes tinctoria var. major C.Wright ex Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub.: 252. 1866. Lectotype (designated by Maas and Maas-van de Kamer 1993). CUBA. s.loc., fl., fr., 1860-1864, C. Wright 3270 (GOET barcode GOET004073!; isolectotypes: BM barcode BM000923988!; G barcode G00098220!, K barcode K000574289!, MO accession no. MO-202080!, NY barcodes 00073226!, 00073227!, P barcodes P00753470!, P00753471!, S accession no. S-R-3123!).
Anonymos tinctoria Walter, Fl. Carol.: 68. 1788, nom. rej.
Distribution and habitat.
Lachnanthes caroliniana is known to occur from Nova Scotia (Canada) to Florida (USA), reaching Cuba (Fig. 9 View Figure 9 ). It grows in marshy and acidic environments, swampy grasslands, and moist pine forests throughout its range, generally producing extensive clonal populations.
Phenology.
Flowers and fruits from April to November.
Conservation status.
Lachnanthes caroliniana possesses a wide EOO (1,886,962 km2) but a narrow AOO (ca. 616 km2). Nonetheless, although generally abundant within its native range, L. caroliniana is listed as Endangered in four USA States (i.e., Connecticut, Maryland, New York, and Tennessee), as Threatened in Rhode Island and of Special Concern in Massachusetts (USDA-NRCS 2013) and as Threatened in Canada ( COSEWIC 2009). Thus, following IUCN’s (2001) recommendations, L. caroliniana should be considered as Vulnerable (VU).
Comments.
Lachnanthes caroliniana is morphologically variable regarding stature and colouration, with much of this variation being related to environmental conditions. The roots and underground organs can range from yellowish-orange to dark red, the leaves, peduncles, bracts, and the outside of the tepals can range from light to dark green to bluish-green, and the tepals can be internal surface light green to yellowish-green to bright yellow. Aside from that, plants can range from 10 cm to over 100 cm tall.
Lachnanthes caroliniana is commonly considered a widespread weed in blueberry and cranberry crops ( Meggitt and Aldrich 1959; Robertson 1976; Meyers et al. 2013), pastures ( Ferrell et al. 2009) and to form extensive clonal populations followed by feral swine rooting disturbance ( Boughton et al. 2016). Nonetheless, L. caroliniana is an important nectar source for many insects (Hopper, pers. observ.) and a pollen source for bees and certain flies. It is viewed as an important "bridge species" supporting flower visitors in summer until fall (autumn) daisies begin to bloom ( Boughton et al. 2016). Its seeds also constitute an important food source for sandhill cranes ( Valentine and Noble 1970).
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
Kingdom |
|
Phylum |
|
Class |
|
Order |
|
Family |
|
Genus |
Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy, J. Bot. 70: 329. 1932.
Pellegrini, Marco O. O., Hickman, Ellen J., Guttierrez, Jorge E., Smith, Rhian J. & Hopper, Stephen D. 2020 |
Lachnanthes tinctoria var. major
C.Wright ex Grisebach 1866 |
Lachnanthes tinctoria
Elliott 1816 |
Dilatris tinctoria
Pursh 1813 |
Dilatris heritiera
Pers 1805 |
Heritiera gmelinii
Michx 1803 |
Dilatris caroliniana
Lam 1791 |
Heritiera tinctorium
Walter ex J. F. Gmel 1791 |
Anonymos tinctoria
Walter 1788 |