Polypedilum Kieffer, 1913

Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika & Hazra, Niladri, 2020, Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship, Zootaxa 4820 (1), pp. 31-69 : 52-57

Key to the male species of Polypedilum Kieffer, 1913 of the Oriental Region ( Japan: Oriental and Palaearctic Japan; China: Oriental and Palaearctic China)

1. Wing membrane without dense macrotrichia............................................................. 2

- Wing membrane with dense macrotrichia...................................... Pentapedilum Kieffer, 1913 ... 7

2(1). Superior volsella with or without small projection......................................................... 3

- Superior volsella with long projection.................................................................. 4

3(2). Superior volsella without projection; usually anal point trifid........................ Tripodura Townes, 1945 ... 25

- Superior volsella with small projection; anal point simple............. Uresipedilum Oyewo and Saether, 1998 ... 113

4(2). Superior volsella without basal lobe.................................................................... 5

- Superior volsella with basal lobe...................................................................... 6

5(4). Gonostylus with simple setae at its inner margin................................. Polypedilum Kieffer, 1913 ... 71

- Gonostylus with split setae at its inner margin........................ Cerobregma Saether and Sundal, 1998 ... 131

6(4). Superior volsella with microtrichia.............. Atopipedilum Yamamoto, Yamamoto and Hirowatari, 2015 ... 136

- Superior volsella without microtrichia (Oriental China)............... P. (Probolum) bullum Zhang and Wang, 2004

7(1). Eyes with dorsomedial extension...................................................................... 8

- Eyes without dorsomedial extension.................................................................. 13

8(7). Frontal tubercle present............................................................................. 9

- Frontal tubercle absent............................................................................. 10

9(8). Scutellars less than 10; abdomen uniform (Oriental Japan).............................................................................................. P. (Pe.) acristylum Yamamoto, Hirowatari and Yamamoto, 2012

- Scutellars more than 10; abdomen banded........................ P. (Pe.) robusticeps Guha and Chaudhuri, 1985

10(8). Wing vein R 2+3 separated from R 1 .................................................................... 11

- Wing vein R 2+3 adjacent to R 1 ....................................................................... 12

11(10). AR greater than 1 (Oriental China, Austria, Azores, Belgium, Bosnia & Harzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kaliningrad, Latvia, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Lithuania, Madeira, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia, Canada, U.S.A.).............................................................................. P. (Pe.) sordens (Wulp, 1874)

- AR lesser than 1 ( India)............................................................ P. (Pe.) retusum sp. n.

12(10). Antepronotals present; superior volsella with outer seta (Oriental China).................................................................................................. P. (Pe.) paraconvexum Zhang and Wang, 2005

- Antepronotals absent; superior volsella without outer seta ( India)............... P. (Pe.) kuluensis Kulshrestha, 1979

13(7). Fore tibial scale pointed............................................................................ 14

- Fore tibial scale rounded............................................................................ 22

14(13). LR 1 less than 2.0.................................................................................. 15

- LR 1 more than 2.0................................................................................. 19

15(14). Outer seta on superior volsella absent ( Japan).................. P. (Pe.) furudosecundum ( Sasa and Arakawa, 1994)

- Outer setae on superior volsella present................................................................ 16

16(15). AR more than 1.0; TIX with less than 20 median setae.................................................... 17

- AR less than 1.0; TIX with more than 20 median setae (Oriental China).... P. (Pe.) fanjingense Zhang and Wang, 2005

17(16). Abdomen banded................................................................................. 18

- Abdomen uniform ( Bhutan, Oriental China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Palau, and Micronesia).......................................................................................... P. (Pe.) convexum ( Johannsen, 1932)

18(17). Anal point without transverse band (Oriental China).......................... P. (Pe.) tigrinum (Hashimoto, 1983)

- Anal point with transverse band ( Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, India, Lesotho, Madagascar, Na-mibia, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe)................................... P. (Pe.) anale ( Freeman, 1954)

19(14). Abdominal segments banded........................................................................ 20

- Abdominal segments uniform........................................................................ 21

20(19). Squamal setae more than 20; superior volsella with 4 setae at its inner basal margin (Oriental Japan)............................................................................ P. (Pe.) daitojekeum ( Sasa and Suzuki, 2002)

- Squamal setae less than 20; superior volsella with more than 4 setae at its inner basal margin (Oriental China and Palaearctic Japan).............................................................. P. (Pe.) kamosecundum ( Sasa, 1989)

21(19). Anal point slender; inferior volsella broadened (Oriental Japan)......... P. (Pe.) daitokeleum ( Sasa and Suzuki, 2002)

- Anal point broad; inferior volsella parallel-sided ( Australia, Caroline Is., Indonesia, Oriental Japan, Palau and Mariana Is.)................................................................................................................................................................. P. (Pe.) nodosum ( Johannsen, 1932)

22(13). Wing vein R 2+3 adjacent to R 1 (Oriental China)............................ P. (Pe.) tenuis Zhang and Wang, 2005

- Wing vein R 2+3 separated from R 1.................................................................... 23

23(22). Fore tibial spur present (Oriental China, Japan, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Canada, and U.S.A.).............................. P. (Pe.) tritum ( Walker, 1856)

- Fore tibial spur absent.............................................................................. 24

24(23). Anal tergite band strong (Oriental Japan, India, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Greenland, United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Canada, and U.S.A.).................................. P. (P e.) uncinatum ( Goetghebuer, 1921)

- Anal tergite band weak ( Sri Lanka)............................ P. (Pe.) tissamaharense Oyewo and Saether, 2008

25(3). Superior volsella with secondary apical projection....................................................... 26

- Superior volsella without secondary apical projection..................................................... 28

26(25). R 4+5> 40 setae; anal tergite band absent; superior volsella sickle-shaped (Oriental China)............................................................................... P. (T.) falcatum Zhang, Song, Wang and Wang, 2015

- R 4+5 <40 setae; anal tergite band present; superior volsella not like above..................................... 27

27(26). Superior volsella less than 4 basal setae; anal point without median furrow (Oriental China)................................................................................... P. (T.) nudiprostatum Zhang and Wang, 2007

- Superior volsella more than 4 basal setae; anal point with median furrow (Oriental China).............................................................................. P. (T.) procerum Zhang, Song, Wang and Wang, 2015

28(25). AR less than 1.0.................................................................................. 29

- AR more than 1.0................................................................................. 52

29(28). Inferior volsella broadened.......................................................................... 30

- Inferior volsella parallel-sided....................................................................... 33

30(29). R 4+5 more than 40 setae (Oriental China)................... P. (T.) mengmanense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016

- R 4+5 less than 40 setae.............................................................................. 31

31(30). Anal point reduced without median furrow (Oriental China, and India)............................................................................................. P. (T.) conghuaense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016

- Anal point not reduced with median furrow............................................................. 32

32(31). Superior volsella not broad at base (Oriental China).............. P. (T.) pollicium Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016

- Superior volsella broad at base (Oriental China)................. P. (T.) trapezium Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016

33(29). Leg with dark brown bands......................................................................... 34

- Leg uniform..................................................................................... 37

34(33). Thorax with dark patches (Oriental China).................... P. (T.) parallelum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016

- Thorax light..................................................................................... 35

35(34). Scutellars arranged in rows (Oriental China)...................... P. (T.) cypellum Qi, Shi, Zhang and Wang, 2014

- Scutellars irregular................................................................................ 36

36(35). Superior volsella with more than 4 basal setae at its inner margin (Oriental China, and UAE).................................................................................... P. (T.) harteni Andersen and Mendes, 2010

- Superior volsella with less than 4 basal setae at its inner margin ( Indonesia)................................................................................................ P. (T.) tobaundecima Kikuchi and Sasa, 1990

37(33). Abdominal segment with bands ( India, and China)........... P. (T.) lineatum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981

- Abdominal segment uniform........................................................................ 38

38(37). R 2+3 adjacent to R 1 ................................................................................. 39

- R 2+3 relatively separated from R 1 ...................................................................... 40

39(38). Superior volsella not digitiform ( India, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, South Africa, and Zimbabwe)................................................................................... P. (T.) pruina Freeman, 1954

- Superior volsella not digitiform.......................................... P. (T.) unifascium ( Tokunaga, 1938)

40(38). Eyes with dorsomedial extension; anal point broad ( India)... P. (T.) albipalpum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981

- Eyes without dorsomedial extension; anal point slender................................................... 41

41 (40). Anal point without lateral lobe....................................................................... 42

- Anal point with lateral lobe......................................................................... 44

42(41). Anal tergite band strong (Oriental China).................. P. (T.) absensilobum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016

- Anal tergite band weak............................................................................. 43

43(42). Anal point without median furrow (Oriental China).......................... P. (T.) udominutum Niitsuma, 1992

- Anal point with median furrow (Oriental China)............ P. (T.) apiculusetosum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016

44(41). Setae at its inner margin of gonostylus short............................................................ 45

- Setae at its inner margin of gonostylus extremely long.................................................... 47

45(44). Gonostylus with more than 4 setae at its inner margin..................................................... 46

- Gonostylus with less than 4 setae at its inner margin (Oriental China)................................................................................................. P. (T.) bispinum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016

46(45). Strenapodeme square shaped (Oriental China)................... P. (T.) arcuatum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016

- Sternapodeme rounded (Oriental China)....... P. (T.) jianfengense Yan, Song, Liu, Zhao, Hou, Cao and Wang, 2017

47(44). Superior volsella bare.............................................................................. 48

- Superior volsella setose (Oriental Japan)........... P. (T.) nudigracile Yamamoto, Yamamoto and Hirowatari, 2016

48(47). Superior volsella with more than 4 setae at its base....................................................... 49

- Superior volsella with less than 4 setae at its base (Oriental China)..................................................................................... P. (T.) enshiense Yan, Song, Liu, Zhao, Hou, Cao and Wang, 2017

49(48). Anal point spatulate............................................................................... 50

- Anal point not spatulate............................................................................ 51

50(49). Thorax with dark patches (Oriental China).................. P. (T.) napahaiense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016

- Thorax pale having no patches (Oriental China)................... P. (T.) dengae Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016

51(49). Inferior volsella with more than 6 apical setae (Oriental Japan)......... P. (T.) miyakoense Hasegawa and Sasa, 1987

- Inferior volsella with less than 6 apical setae (Oriental China)...... P. (T.) bilamella Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016

52(28). Eyes without dorsomedial extension.................................................................. 53

- Eyes with dorsomedial extension..................................................................... 61

53(52). Squama with more than 20 setae ( Japan)............................. P. (T.) tananense Sasa and Hasegawa, 1988

- Squama with less than 20 setae...................................................................... 54

54(53). Frontal tubercle present ( India)........................ P. (T.) tripunctum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981

- Frontal tubercle absent............................................................................. 55

55(54). Anal tergite band weak (Oriental China and Palaearctic Japan)................... P. (T.) masudai ( Tokunaga, 1938)

- Anal tergite band strong............................................................................ 56

56(55). Anal point broad (Oriental China)..................................... P. (T.) spathum Zhang and Wang, 2007

- Anal point slender................................................................................. 57

57(56). Superior volsella with broad base..................................................................... 58

- Superior volsella without broad base.................................................................. 59

58(57). Scutellars arranged in a row; inferior volsella bilobed ( China, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, United Kingdom, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Russia, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Spain, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, The Netherlands, Democratic Republic of Korea, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraine, Serbia, Canada, and U.S.A.).................................................................................... P. (T.) scalaneum ( Schrank, 1803)

- Scutellars not arranged in a row; inferior volsella simple ( India, Pakistan, South Africa, Cameroon, and Democratic Republic of Congo)........................................................... P. (T.) annulatipes ( Kieffer, 1910)

59(57). Superior volsella with bare base ( Indonesia and Thailand)....................... P. (T.) vectum ( Johannsen, 1932)

- Superior volsella setose at base...................................................................... 60

60(59). Anal point spatulate; inferior volsella parallel-sided ( Indonesia)........... P. (T.) decematoguttatum ( Tokunaga, 1938)

- Anal point not spatulate; inferior volsella sub-apically broadened (Oriental Japan).............................................................................................. P. (T.) tokaraijeum Sasa and Suzuki, 1995

61(52). Thorax with few dark patches ( Indonesia)................................... P. (T.) centralis ( Johannsen, 1932)

- Thorax pale without patches......................................................................... 62

62(61). Foretibial scale rounded............................................................................ 63

- Foretibial scale pointed............................................................................. 65

63(62). R 2+3 adjacent to R 1; abdomen with bands ( India)............ P. (T.) numerum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981

- R 2+3 separated from R 1; abdomen without bands......................................................... 64

64(63). LR greater than 2.0; scutellars arranged irregularly ( India, Bhutan, Egypt, France, Germany, Romania, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Niger, Sudan, and Sweden).......................................... P. (T.) aegyptium Kieffer, 1925

- LR lower than 2.0; scutellars arranged in a row ( Egypt, Cameroon, Congo, Sudan, Tanzania, Australia, and India).......................................................................... P. (T.) griseogutttatum Kieffer, 1921

65(62). Legs uniform..................................................................................... 66

- Legs with bands.................................................................................. 67

66(65). Superior volsella broadened; anal point slender ( India)...... P. (T.) chaudhurii Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981

- Superior volsella tapered; anal point broad ( Japan).......................... P. (T.) sagittiferum ( Tokunaga, 1938)

67(65). Fore tibial scale with spur (Oriental China)........................... P. (T.) cochlearum Zhang and Wang, 2005

- Fore tibial scale without spur........................................................................ 68

68(67). LR more than 2.0 (Oriental China, and Palaearctic Japan)..................... P. (T.) japonicum ( Tokunaga, 1938)

- LR less than 2.0.................................................................................. 69

69(68). Anal point with median furrow ( Indonesia).............................. P. (T.) concomitatum ( Johannsen, 1932)

- Anal point without median furrow.................................................................... 70

70(69). Anal point broad with lateral shoulders ( India)............... P. (T.) lucidum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981

- Anal point slender without lateral shoulders ( Indonesia, and Guam)............ P. (T.) perturbans ( Johannsen, 1932)

71(5). Antepronotum split; superior volsella without outer seta (Oriental Japan).............. P. (P.) tsukubaense Sasa, 1979

- Antepronotum undivided; superior volsella with outer seta................................................. 72

72(71). Inferior volsella bifid.............................................................................. 73

- Inferior volsella simple............................................................................. 75

73(72). Foretibial scale rounded ( Japan, Oriental China, India, Indonesia, Australia, Guam, and Micronesia).................................................................................... P. (P.) medivittatum Tokunaga, 1964

- Foretibial scale pointed............................................................................ 74

74(73). LR less than 2.0; superior volsella with outer seta at basal 1/3 ( Japan).............. P. (P.) genpeiense Niitsuma, 1996

- LR more than 2.0; superior volsella with outer seta at its middle 1/3 (Oriental Japan)............................................................................ P. (P.) nubilum Yamamoto, Yamamoto and Hirowatari, 2012

75(72). Wing with markings............................................................................... 76

- Wing without marking............................................................................. 80

76(75). Legs banded ( India)............................. P. (P.) insignum Chattopadhyay, Dutta and Chaudhuri, 1988

- Legs uniform..................................................................................... 77

77(76). Anal tergite band weak; superior volsella curved......................................................... 78

- Anal tergite band strong; superior volsella straight ( India, and widespread in Afrotropical region).............................................................................................. P. (P.) alticola Kieffer, 1913

78(77). R 2+3 adjacent to vein R 1; gonostylus with more than 3 setae at its inner margin................................. 79

- R 2+3 separate from R 1; gonostylus with less than 3 setae at its inner margin ( Australia, Singapore, and Thailand)........................................................... P. (P.) quasinubifer Cranston, Martin and Spies, 2016

79(78). Thorax red in colour; T IX with more than 10 median setae ( India).......................................................................................... P. (P.) rufomarginalis Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981

- Thorax not red in colour; T IX with less than 10 median setae ( Indonesia).................................................................................................. P. (P.) tobaseptimum Kikuchi and Sasa, 1990

80(75). Frontal tubercles present............................................................................ 81

- Frontal tubercles absent............................................................................ 84

81(80). Squamal setae more than 20; superior volsella with bare base ( India, Oriental China, Japan, Indonesia, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Bulgaria, Egypt, France, Greece, Iraq, Israel, Spain, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, North Korea, Morocco, Australia, and U.S.A. (Hawaii ))........................................ P. (P.) nubifer ( Skuse, 1889)

- Squamal setae less than 20 setae; superior volsella with microsetae at its base.................................. 82

82(81). M without setae (Oriental Japan).................................... P. (P.) isigabeceum Sasa and Suzuki, 2000

- M with setae..................................................................................... 83

83(82). Projection of superior volsella straight ( India, Australia, and Bhutan).................. P. (P.) seorsum (Skuse, 1881)

- Projection of superior volsella curved ( Indonesia)..................... P. (P.) tobaoctavum Kikuchi and Sasa, 1990

84(80). LR more than 2.0................................................................................. 85

- LR less than 2.0.................................................................................. 88

85(84). Superior volsella with outer seta at its middle 1/3 ( India, and Bhutan)............................................................................................. P. (P.) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981

- Superior volsella with outer seta at its basal 1/3.......................................................... 86

86(85). Inferior volsella bilobed; less than apical 6 setae ( India, Indonesia, and Thailand).... P. (P.) suturalis ( Johannsen, 1932)

- Inferior volsella simple; more than 6 apical setae........................................................ 87

87(86). R 2+3 separate from R 1 ( Japan)...................................... P. (P.) parviacumen Kawai and Sasa, 1985

- R 2+3 adjacent to R 1 (Oriental Japan).................................. P. (P.) iriogeheum Sasa and Suzuki, 2000

88(84). Fore-tibial scale present............................................................................ 89

- Fore-tibial scale absent............................................................................. 93

89(88). Abdominal segment with colour bands (Oriental Japan)................. P. (P.) tokaraheium Sasa and Suzuki, 1995

- Abdominal segment without colour bands.............................................................. 90

90(89). Superior volsella with broad base............................... P. (P.) kunigamiense Sasa and Hasegawa, 1988

- Superior volsella without broad base.................................................................. 91

91(90). Thorax pale ( Japan, and India)................................................ P. (P.) tamanigrum Sasa, 1983

- Thorax with dark patches........................................................................... 92

92(91). AR more than 1.00; M without setae ( Indonesia, Malaysia, Canada, and U.S.A.)........ P. (P.) trigonum Townes, 1945

- AR less than 1.00; M with setae (Oriental China)......................... P. (P.) aequabe Zhang and Wang, 2007

93(88). Eyes with dorsomedial extension..................................................................... 94

- Eyes without dorsomedial extension.................................................................. 98

94(93). Superior volsella straight ( India).......................... P. (P.) ascium Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981

- Superior volsella curved............................................................................ 95

95(94). Anal tergite band strong ( India, and Phillipines).............................. P. (P.) stictopterum ( Kieffer, 1921)

- Anal tergite band weak............................................................................. 96

96(95). Fore tibial scale rounded ( Japan)............................................... P. (P.) takaoensis Sasa, 1980

- Fore tibial scale pointed............................................................................ 97

97(96). M with setae; inferior volsella broadened subapically ( India)............................................................................................ P. (P.) pseudoflagellatum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981

- M without setae; inferior volsella parallel-sided (Oriental China)... P. (P.) xianjuensis Qi, Zhang, Zhu and Wang, 2016

98(93). R 2+3 adjacent to R 1 ................................................................................. 99

- R 2+3 separate from R 1 ............................................................................. 101

99(98). Scutellars less than 10 ( India, Thailand, Palau, and Micronesia).................... P. (P.) yapensis Tokunaga, 1964

- Scutellars more than 10........................................................................... 100

100(99). Anal tergite band strong ( Japan)................................................. P. (P.) okiflavum Sasa, 1990

- Anal tergite band weak (Oriental China, and Japan)................... P. (P.) benokiense Sasa and Hasegawa, 1988

101(98). AR less than 1.0................................................................................. 102

- AR more than 1.0................................................................................ 104

102(101). R 4+5 with more than 40 setae ( China)...................... P. (P.) adustalum Zhang, Zhu, Liu, Qi and Wang, 2017

- R 4+5 less than 40 setae............................................................................. 103

103(102). Legs with colour bands ( China)......................... P. (P.) constrictum Zhang, Zhu, Liu, Qi and Wang, 2017

- Legs uniform (Oriental Japan)............... P. (P.) maculipennatum Yamamoto, Yamamoto and Hirowatari, 2012

104(101). Superior volsella without outer setae................................................................. 105

- Superior volsella with outer setae.................................................................... 106

105(104). Anal point broad ( Indonesia)............................................ P. (P.) limpidum ( Johannsen, 1932)

- Anal point parallel-sided ( India)...................... P. (P.) centisetum Hazra, Mazumdar and Chaudhuri, 2000

106(104). Fore tibial scale rounded at apex.................................................................... 107

- Fore tibial scale pointed at apex..................................................................... 110

107(106). Abdominal segments banded ( Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Japan, The Netherlands, Sweden, and United Kingdom).................................................................... P. (P.) arundinetum ( Goetghebuer, 1921)

- Abdominal segments uniform....................................................................... 108

108(107). Superior volsella straight ( Australia, and Thailand)............ P. (P.) paranubifer Cranston, Martin and Spies, 2016

- Superior volsella curved........................................................................... 109

109(108). Anal point without median furrow ( Indonesia)............................... P. (P.) hirticoxa ( Johannsen, 1932)

- Anal point with median furrow ( Thailand).................................... P. (P.) siamensis Moubayed, 1989

110(106). Gonostylus with less than 4 setae at its inner margin ( Australia, Indonesia, Oriental China, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand)................................................... P. (P.) johannseni Sublette and Sublette, 1973

- Gonostylus with more than 4 setae at its inner margin.................................................... 111

111(110). Superior volsella with outer seta at basal 1/3 ( China)................................ P. (P.) acutum Kieffer, 1915

- Superior volsella with outer seta at middle 1/3......................................................... 112

112(111). Squama with more than 20 setae ( Indonesia)................................ P. (P.) flavescens ( Johannsen, 1932)

- Squama with less than 20 setae ( India)...................... P. (P.) circulum Chaudhuri and Chattopadhyay, 1990

113(3). Eyes with dorsomedial extension (Oriental China, and Palaearctic Japan)........... P. (U.) surugense Niitsuma, 1992

- Eyes without dorsomedial extension................................................................. 114

114(113). Frontal tubercle present........................................................................... 115

- Frontal tubercle absent............................................................................ 116

115(114). Anal point slender, parallel-sided (Oriental China).................. P. (U.) breviplumosum Zhang and Wang, 2004

- Anal point broad, enlarged at apex (Oriental China)............... P. (U.) minimum Lin, Qi, Zhang and Wang, 2013

116(114). R 2+3 adjacent to R 1 ................................................................................ 117

- R 2+3 separate from R 1............................................................................. 124

117(116). Thorax with dark patches (Oriental China)........... P. (U.) bingoparadoxum Kawai, Inouei and Imabayashi, 1998

- Thorax pale without dark patches.................................................................... 118

118(117). Fore tibial scale pointed (Oriental China).............................. P. (U.) basilarum Zhang and Wang, 2004

- Foretibial scale rounded........................................................................... 119

119(118). Superior volsella without basal microsetae (Oriental China)............ P. (U.) infundibulum Zhang and Wang, 2004

- Superior volsella with basal microsetae............................................................... 120

120(119). Superior volsella not broad based (Oriental China, and Japan)........................................................................................ P. (U.) paraconvictum Yamamoto, Yamamoto and Hirowatari, 2015

- Superior volsella broad based...................................................................... 121

121(120). Superior volsella straight.......................................................................... 122

- Superior volsella curved........................................................................... 123

122(121). Scutellars arranged in a row (Oriental China, and Palaearctic Japan)............... P. (U.) paraviceps Niitsuma, 1992

- Scutellars irregular (Oriental China)............................... P. (U.) crassiglobum Zhang and Wang, 2004

123(121). Anal point with median furrow; inferior volsella unilobed ( Japan).................................................................................................. P. (U.) simantokeleum Sasa, Suzuki and Sakai, 1998

- Anal point without median furrow; inferior volsella bilobed ( China, Austria, Belgium, Portugal, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Russia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Spain, Moldova, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Slovakia, Turkey, United Kingdom, Ukraine, Serbia, Canada, and U.S.A.)....... P. (U.) convictum ( Walker, 1856)

124(116). Fore-tibial scale present........................................................................... 125

- Fore-tibial scale absent............................................................................ 127

125(124). Scutellars less than 10 (Oriental China).................................... P. (U.) xuei Zhang and Wang, 2004

- Scutellars more than 10........................................................................... 126

126(125). Anal point parallel-sided (Oriental China)................................ P. (U.) dilatum Zhang and Wang, 2004

- Anal point broad at apex (Oriental China).............................. P. (U.) lateralum Zhang and Wang, 2004

127(124). AR less than 1 (Oriental Japan)...................................... P. (U.) iriofegeum Sasa and Suzuki, 2000

- AR more than 1.................................................................................. 128

128(127). Superior volsella without outer setae ( United Kingdom, China, Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Portugal, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Russia, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Spain, Moldova, Morocco, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraine, Serbia, and U.S.A.)........................................................................... P. (U.) cultellatum Goetghebuer, 1931

- Superior volsella with outer setae.................................................................... 129

129(128). Superior volsella curved (Oriental China)............................. P. (U.) prominens Zhang and Wang, 2004

- Superior volsella straight.......................................................................... 130

130(129). Anal point broadened ( Japan)............................... P. (U.) dissimilum Yamamoto and Yamamoto, 2015

- Anal point parallel-sided (Oriental China)............................... P. (U.) medium Zhang and Wang, 2004

131(5). Eyes with dorsomedial extension; fore-tibial scale rounded ( Japan).............. P. (C.) yamasinense Tokunaga, 1940

- Eyes without dorsomedial extension; fore-tibial scale pointed............................................. 132

132(131). Wing with colour markings........................................................................ 133

- Wing without colour markings...................................................................... 134

133(132). Anal point with lateral shoulder; inferior volsella apically broadened (Oriental China).............................................................................................. P. (C.) cyclum Zhang and Wang, 2005

- Anal point without lateral shoulder; inferior volsella apically tapered (Oriental China)....................................................................................... P. (C.) heberti Lin, Yu, Zhang and Wang, 2019

134(132). R 2+3 separated from R 1 (Oriental China)...................................... P. (C.) jii Zhang and Wang, 2005

- R 2+3 adjacent to R 1 ................................................................................ 135

135(134). Antepronotum fused; fore tibial scale present (Oriental China)......... P. (C.) exilicaudatum Saether and Sundal, 1999

- Antepronotum split; fore tibial scale absent (Oriental Japan)......................... P. (C.) okigrandis Sasa, 1993

136(6). Superior volsella with well developed inner basal lobe (Oriental Japan)...................................................................................... P. (A.) notabile Yamamoto, Yamamoto and Hirowatari, 2012

- Superior volsella without inner basal lobe............................................................. 137

137(136). Maxillary palp fused; R 1 without setae (Oriental China).................... P. (A.) coalitum Zhang and Wang, 2008

- Maxillary palp not fused; R 1 with setae (Oriental China)................ P. (A.) hainanense Zhang and Wang, 2008