Eupolyphaga sinensis ( Walker, 1868 )

Qiu, Lu, Che, Yang-Li & Wang, Zong-Qing, 2018, A taxonomic study of Eupolyphaga Chopard, 1929 (Blattodea: Corydiidae: Corydiinae), Zootaxa 4506 (1), pp. 1-68 : 10-14

Eupolyphaga sinensis ( Walker, 1868)

( Figs. 4 A–K; 13 A–C; 17 A–D; 38 A–B, L; 39 A–C)

Polyphaga sinensis Walker, 1868: 14 , female holotype, “North China ”; Chopard 1922: 194, “ Chine. septentrionale”.

Homoeogamia sinensis Saussure, 1869: 282 , 2 males, “Le Nord de la Chine, Pékin ”. Syn. nov.

Heterogamia sinensis: Dohrn 1888: 132 ; Saussure 1893: 311.

Heterogamia dohrniana Saussure, 1893: 309 , “Sina septentrionalis”.

Polyphaga limbata Kirby, 1903: 379 , new name for Homoeogamia sinensis Saussure ; Kirby 1904: 172, “N. China ”; Chopard 1922: 194, “ Chine: Pékin; montagnes au nord de Pékin ”; Chopard 1929: 269, Discussion on P. limbata .

Eupolyphaga sinensis: Chopard 1929: 262 ; Wu 1935: 29; Bey-Bienko 1950: 285; Princis 1962: 53; Woo 1987: 433; Feng, Guo & Woo 1997: 35.

Eupolyphaga limbata: Wu 1935: 29 , “N. China ”; Princis 1959: 149, discussion on Eupolyphaga limbata , treated E. limbata as a valid species and synonymized E. thibetana under E. limbata ; Princis 1962: 54.

Material examined. CHINA: Beijing: 1 male and 2 females (SWU, all preserved in 100% alcohol), Xishan Forest Park [西山森林公园], Haidian District [海淀区], 28.IV.2015, Bing-Qiang Wang collected and reared; 7 males ( SWU), Haidian District , VII.2006, Tao-Li Zhang, Su-Ying Wu & Shu-Hua Qiao leg. ; 1 male ( SWU), Haidian District , 6.IX.1964, no collector recorded ; 4 males ( SWU), Haidian District , V-VII.1961, no collector recorded ; 3 males ( SWU), Jinshan [金山], 7,14,19. VIII.1984, Guo-Wei Wang leg. ; 1 male ( BJMNH), Jinshan , 17.IX.1983, no collector recorded ; 3 males ( SWU), Songshan Natural Reserve [松山自然保护区], Yanqing County [延庆县], 13.VII.2013, Yi-Zhou Liu leg. ; 5 males ( IZCAS), Mt. Baihuashan [百花山], Mentougou District [门头沟区], 27.VIII.1973, Yin-Heng Han leg. ; 1 male ( BJMNH), Xiaolongmen Forest Park [小龙门森林公园], Mentougou District , 24.VIII.1979, Si-Kong Liu leg. ; 4 males ( IZCAS), Xiaolongmen Forest Park, Mentougou District , 1100m, 20.VI.1991, Pei-Yu Yu leg. ; 1 male ( IZCAS), Nancun Village [南村], Tanzhesi Town [潭柘寺镇], Mentougou District , 6.VII.1972, no collector recorded ; 1 male ( IZCAS), Baiyunxia [白云峡], Miyun County [密云县], 20.VII.2009, Zhe Wang & Xing-Yi Li leg. ; 1 male ( IZCAS), Xijiao Park [西郊公园], Beijing City , 17.VI.1954, Guang Gao leg. ; 1 male ( IZCAS), Pinggu District [平谷区], 14.VI.1975, no collector recorded ; 1 male ( IZCAS), Pinggu District , 29.VI.1975, Yong-Shan Shi leg. ; 1 male ( IZCAS), Shahe [沙河], Changping District [昌平区], VI.1959, no collector recorded ; 2 males ( BJMNH), Jiuxianqiao [酒仙桥], Zhaoyang District [朝阳区], 22, 29.VIII.2001, no collector recorded ; 1 male ( SWU), Tiantan / The Temple of Heaven [天坛], Dongcheng District [东城区], 25.VII.1973, Si-Kong Liu leg. ; 3 males ( IZCAS), Beijing City , 1.IX.1972, no collector recorded ; 1 male ( IZCAS), “ University of Agricuture ”, 1948, no collector recorded ; 1 male ( SWU), Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing City , 20. IX.1957, Ji-Kun Yang leg. ; 1 male ( SWU), Peiping (now Beijing City ), 30.VI.1947 , no collector recorded; 1 nymph ( SWU), Xiaolongmen Forest Park, Mentougou District , 18.VIII.2014, Yi-Zhou Liu leg. ; several nymphs ( BJMNH), Taoranting Park [陶然亭公园], Xicheng District [西城区], VII-IX.2003, Feng Yuan and Hong- Zheng Yang leg. ; 1 nymph ( SWU), Beijing, VIII.1977, Fo-Ching Woo leg. ; 4 nymphs ( SWU, in 100% alcohol), Beijing Botanical Garden [北京植物园], 27.VII.2016, Yi-Zhou Liu leg. Hebei: 2 males ( MHBU), Guanting tree farm [官厅林场], Huailai County [怀来县], Zhangjiakou City [张家口市], 15.VIII.1999, Ai-Min Shi leg. ; 1 female and 3 nymphs ( MHBU), Guanting Town [官厅镇], Huailai County, Zhangjiakou City , 15.VII.1999, Ai-Min Shi leg. ; 1 nymph ( MHBU), Yongding River [永定河], Huailai County, Zhangjiakou City , 15.VII.2000, Xiu-Juan Yang leg. ; 2 males ( MHBU), Yangjiaping tree farm [杨家坪林场], Zhuolu County [涿鹿县], Zhangjiakou City , 11- 19.VII.2002, Ai-Min Shi leg. ; 1 male ( MHBU), Yangjiaping [杨家坪], Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City , 4- 12.VII.2004, students of Hebei University leg. ; 2 males ( MHBU), Yangjiaping, Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City , 14-24.VII.2005, Guo-Dong Ren and Hui-Ran Hua leg. ; 1 male ( MHBU), Yangjiaping, Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City , 10-24.VII.2005, Jing Li and Hui-Ran Hua leg. ; 2 females and 6 nymphs ( MHBU), Yangjiaping, Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City , 4-12.VII.2004, students of Hebei University leg. ; 2 females and 5 nymphs ( MHBU), Yangjiaping tree farm, Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City , 11-19.VII.2002 , Ai-Min Shi et al. leg.; 1 nymphs ( MHBU), Sangyuanjian tree farm [桑园涧林场], Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City , 28.VII.1999, Wen- Min Cui leg. ; 2 males ( SWU), “Chahar, Yangkiaping” (now Yangjiaping, Zhangjiakou City ), 29-30.VII.1937, O. Piel leg. ; 1 male ( IZCAS), “ Chahar, Yangkiaping ”, 30.VII.1937, O. Piel leg. ; 1 male ( MHBU), Shanjiankou [山涧 口], Xiaowutaishan Mountain [小五台山], Weixian County [蔚县], Zhangjiakou City , 18-21.VII.2005, Jing Li, Feng-Yan Wang leg. ; 4 males ( MHBU), Jinhekou [金河口], Xiaowutaishan Mountain , Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City , 29.VII.1998, Shi-Yu Liu leg. ; 2 males ( MHBU), Xiaowutaishan Mountain, Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City , 11-17.VII.2002, Students of Hebei University leg. ; 2 males ( MHBU), Xiaowutaishan Mountain, Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City , 10.VII.2001, students of Hebei University leg. ; 1 male, 1 female and 7 nymphs ( MHBU), Jinhekou, Xiaowutaishan Mountain , Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City , 18-19.VI.2009, Xin-Pu Wang, Zhen-Hua Gao leg. ; 1 female and 9 nymphs ( MHBU), Xiaowutaishan Mountain, Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City , 5-8.VII.2001, students of Hebei University leg. ; 3 females and 18 nymphs ( MHBU), Jinhekou, Xiaowutaishan Mountain , Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City , 7-11.VII.2006, students of Hebei University leg. ; 1 nymph ( MHBU), Xiaowutaishan Mountain, Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City , 27-30.VIII.2007, Ya-Lin Li leg. ; 6 nymphs ( MHBU), Jinhekou, Xiaowutaishan Mountain , Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City , 10-11.VII.2005, Jing Li and Feng-Yan Wang leg. ; 9 males ( IZCAS), Yangjiaping, Xiaowutaishan Natural Reserve , 820m, 2-4.VIII.2011, Jian Yao leg. ; 5 males ( IZCAS), Yangjiaping, Xiaowutaishan Natural Reserve , 880m, 29-30.VII.2009, Jian Yao leg. ; 1 male ( IZCAS), Xiaowutaishan Natural Reserve , 1200m, 10.VIII.1964, Bing-Qian Li leg. ; 1 male ( IZCAS), Xiaowutaishan Natural Reserve , 1200m, 25.VIII.1964, Chun-Xing Wang leg. ; 1 male ( IZCAS), Xiaowutaishan Natural Reserve , 1200m, 20.VIII.1964, Yin-Heng Han leg. ; 2 males ( MHBU), Mt. Guangtoushan [光头山], Pingquan County [平泉县], Chengde City [承德市], 2.VIII.1998, Zhe Li et al. leg .; 2 males ( MHBU), Mt. Guangtoushan, Pingquan County, Chengde City , 21.VII-6.VIII.1998, Zhe Li et al. leg .; 3 males ( MHBU), Mt. Guangtoushan, Pingquan County, Chengde City , 21.VII-6.VIII.1998, Chao Zhang leg. ; 3 males ( IZCAS), Zhaoxian County [赵县], Shijiazhuang City [石家庄市], 2.VII.2009, no collector recorded ; 1 male ( MHBU), Nansizhang Village [南寺掌村], Jingxing County [井陉县], Shijiazhuang City , 28-29.VII.1998, Li-Xin Gao leg. ; 2 males ( MHBU), Nansizhang Village, Jingxing County, Shijiazhuang City , 28-29.VII.1998, Zhi-Qiang Pu leg. ; 2 males ( MHBU), Gaoyu Village [高峪村], Jingxing County, Shijiazhuang City , 22-28.VII.1998, Xin-Sheng Tian et al. leg .; 1 male ( MHBU), Xinzhuang tree farm [辛庄林场], Jingxing County, Shijiazhuang City , 30.VIII.1998, Ming Bai leg. ; 1 male ( MHBU), Suobao tree farm [索堡林场], Shexian County [涉县], Handan City [邯郸市], 21.VII.1998, Li-Xin Gao leg. ; 3 males and 1 nymph ( MHBU), Guantao County [馆陶县], Handan City , 18.VII.2000, Zhi-Jian Wang leg. ; 1 male ( MHBU), Longquanguan [龙泉关], Fuping County [阜平县], Baoding City [保定市], 3- 5.VIII.1998, Ai-Min Shi et al. leg .; 7 males ( MHBU), Mt. Baishishan [白石山], Laiyuan County [涞源县], Baoding City , 1-3.VIII.1999 , Ai-Min Shi et al. leg.; 2 nymphs ( MHBU), Mt. Baishishan , Laiyuan County, Baoding City , 11.VII.1999, Ai-Min Shi and Xiu-Juan Yang leg. ; 1 male ( MHBU), Mt. Baishishan, Laiyuan County, Baoding City , 22.VIII.1999, Xin-Jiang Li leg. ; 2 males ( MHBU), Shipuxia Gorge [十瀑峡], Laiyuan County, Baoding City , 4.VIII.1999 , Ai-Min Shi et al. leg.; 1 nymph ( MHBU), Hekou Township [河口乡], Shunping County, [顺平县] Baoding City , 5.IV.2004, Guo-Dong Ren leg. ; 3 males ( MHBU), Mt. Zushan [祖山], Qinhuangdao County [秦皇 岛市], 14.VII.1998 , Xin-Jiang Li et al. leg.; 17 nymphs ( MHBU), Forest Park of Xingtai City [邢台市森林公园], 18.VII.1998, Wei Wang et al. leg .; 2 females ( MHBU), Mt. Mangshan [蟒山], Qian’an City [迁安市], Tangshan City [唐山市], 28.VII.2000, Ai-Min Shi leg. Henan: 1 male ( SWU), Xinxiang City [新乡市], 29.VI.1974, no collector recorded ; 1 male ( SWU), Xinxiang City , 8.VII.1960, no collector recorded ; 1 male ( SWU), Xinxiang City , 25.VIII.1974, no collector recorded ; 1 male ( SWU), Xinxiang City , 8.IX.1974, no collector recorded ; 2 males ( SWU), Xinxiang City , 27.VI.1973, no collector recorded ; 1 male ( SWU), Xinxiang City , 27.VIII.1972, no collector recorded ; 1 female and 1 nymph ( MHBU), Jinglonggong Township [荆隆宫乡], Fengqiu County [封丘 县], Xinxiang City , 17.VII.2007, Hao-Yu Liu and Zhen-Hua Gao leg. ; 1 male ( MHBU), Baligou [八里沟], Shangbali Town [上八里镇], Huixian City [辉县], Xinxiang City , 12.VII.2002, Xiu-Juan Yang leg. ; 2 nymphs ( MHBU), Shangbali Town, Huixian City, Xinxiang City , 27.VII.2006, Feng-Yan Wang and Wen-Jing Huang leg. ; 1 male ( MHBU), Tongbai County [桐柏县], Nanyang City [南阳市], 600-800m, 16.VII.2001, Zhe Li and Ming Bai leg. ; 1 male ( MHBU), Tongbaishan Mountain [桐柏山], Tongbai County, Nanyang City , 25.VII.2010, Yi-Bin Ba and Zhen-Xing Zhang leg. ; 2 males ( MHBU), Baotianman [宝天曼], Neixiang County [内乡县], Nanyang City , 20.VIII.2008, Guo-Dong Ren and Qi-Qi Wu leg. ; 1 female and 6 nymphs ( MHBU), Huangshi’an [黄石庵], Xixia County [西峡县], Nanyang City , 18.VIII.2008, Guo-Dong Ren and Qi-Qi Wu leg. ; 1 male ( IZCAS), Xindian [辛店], Xinyang City [信阳市], 27.VIII.1969, Ding-Gang Hu leg. Inner Mongolia / Neimenggu: 5 males ( IZCAS), Houyikenggou [后一坑沟], Mt. Helanshan [贺兰山], Alxa Left Banner [阿拉善左旗], 1954m, 10.VIII.2010, Mei- Ying Lin leg. ; 1 male ( IZCAS), Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner [达尔罕茂明安联合旗], Baotou City [包头市], 7.VIII.1971 , no collector recored; 2 nymphs ( MHBU), Bayan Obo [白云鄂博], Baotou City , 3.VIII.1991, Guo- Dong Ren leg. ; 2 males, 3 females, 14 nymphs ( MHBU), Hangali Lake [翰嘎利湖], Horqin Right Wing Middle Banner [科尔沁右翼中旗], 310m, 29.VII.2012, Yi-Bin Ba and Yi-Ping Niu leg. ; 4 nymphs ( MHBU), Daban Town [大板镇], Bairin Right Banner [巴林右旗], Chifeng City [赤峰市], 19.VI.1994, Guo-Dong Ren leg. ; 1 nymph ( MHBU), Chifeng City , 27.VI.1994, Guo-Dong Ren leg. ; 1 nymph ( MHBU), Shangwan Town [上湾镇], Ejin Horo Banner [伊金霍洛旗], Ordos City [鄂尔多斯市], 18.VII.2012, Yu Zhao and Ji-Bin Liang leg. ; 1 female ( IZCAS), Xiaochengzi Township [小城子乡], Jalaid Banner [扎赉特旗], 21.VI.1970, Zhi-Zi Chen leg. Liaoning: 1 female ( MHBU), Haigang District [海港区], Dalian City [大连市], 31.VII.2003, Xiu-Juan Yang and Shan-Shan Liu leg. ; 1 nymph ( SWU, in 100% alcohol), Xishan Reservoir [西山水库], Dalian City , 142m, 1.VII.2016, Lu-Yu Wang leg. ; 3 nymphs ( SWU, in 100% alcohol), Tongnai Village [同乃村], Fuxin County [阜新县], 329m, 31.VII.2016, Lu-Yu Wang leg. ; 2 males ( SWU), Shicheng Island [石城岛], Zhuanghe City [庄河市], Dalian City , 22.VIII.2016, Ye-Jie Lin leg. Jilin: 1 male ( IZCAS), Manjiang Town [漫江镇], Fusong County [抚松县], 21.IV.1955, no collector recoreded . Tianjin: 1 female ( IZCAS), “ Jixian County [蓟县], Heibei Province (now belongs to Tianjin)”, 21.IX.1954, no collector recorded . Shanxi: 1 male ( SWU), Wangjiaying Village, Yuncheng City , VIII.1975 , no collector recorded; 4 nymphs ( MHBU), Lanxian County [岚县], Lvliang City [吕梁市], 10.V.1995 , no collector recorded; 1 nymph ( MHBU), Lishi District [离石区], Lvliang City , 9.V.1995, no collector recorded . Shaanxi: 6 females, 3 nymphs ( MHBU), Yanhe River [延河], Yan’an City [延安市], 6.V.1995 , no collector recorded; 2 nymphs ( MHBU), Huangling County [黄陵县], Yan’an City , 17.VII.1992, Guo-Dong Ren leg. Ningxia: 14 males and 3 nymphs ( MHBU), Mt. Xumishan [须弥山], Guyuan City [固原市], 17.VII.2009, Xin-Pu Wang & Hong-Fan Ran leg. ; 2 malesand 1 female ( MHBU), Dachong Temple [大冲寺], Haiyuan County [海源县], Zhongwei City [中卫市], 25.VIII.1986, Guo-Dong Ren leg. ; 3 males ( MHBU), Pingluo County [平罗县], Shizuishan City [石嘴山市], 30.VI.1989 . Shandong: 2 males ( IZCAS), Laoshan tree farm [崂山林场], Qingdao City [青岛市], 26.IX.1957, Yin-Heng Han leg. ; 1 male ( IZCAS), Jinan City [济南市], 12.VII.1973, no collector recorded ; 2 males ( IZCAS), Qihe County [齐河县], Dezhou City [德州市], 12.VII.1969, Yong-Lin Chen leg. ; 2 females ( MHBU), Aishan Forest Park [艾山森林公园], Penglai City [蓬莱市], 7-8.V.2007, Feng-Yan Wang, Ji- Niang Wang & Qi-Qi Wu leg. ; 1 female and 3 nymphs ( MHBU), Mt. Kunyushan [昆嵛山], Muping District [牟平 区], Yantai City [烟台市], 9-11.V.2007, Feng-Yan Wang, Ji-Niang Wang & Qi-Qi Wu leg. ; 6 nymphs ( MHBU), Mt. Dazeshan [大泽山], Pingdu City [平度市], 5-6.V.2007, Feng-Yan Wang, Ji-Niang Wang & Qi-Qi Wu leg. ; 1 female and 1 nymph ( MHBU), Dawa tree farm [大洼林场], Pingyi County [平邑县], Linyi City [临沂市], 13- 15.V.2007, Feng-Yan Wang, Ji-Niang Wang & Qi-Qi Wu leg. Jiangsu: 1 female ( SWU), Wujing District , VII.1975, no collector recorded . Shanghai: 1 female ( SWU), 1940, labelled “CHINE, Prov. KAINGSU Shanghai ”, handwriting: “ Eupolyphaga sinensis (Wlk) ” and “1940 Det. E.R. Thinkham ” . Anhui: 1 male ( SWU), “ Suxian County (now Suzhou City ) [宿州市]”, 30.VIII.1973, no collector recorded ; 2 males ( IZCAS), Wuyang Village [吴阳村], Huoqiu County [霍邱县], Lu’an City [六安市], 11.VI.1966, no collector recorded . Chongqing: 1 male ( SWU), Wulong County [武隆县], 7.VII.1989, Long-Long Yang leg. Guizhou: 1 male ( SWU), Meitan County [湄潭县], Zunyi City [遵义市], VI.1974, no collector recorded . Yunnan: 1 male ( SWU), Yuanjiang [元江 县], 30.VI.1986, Ping-Zhang Feng leg. ; 4 males ( NWAFU), Menglun Town [勐仑镇], Mengla County [勐腊县], Xishuangbanna Prefecture [西双版纳], 19.V.1991, Ying-Lun Wang and Run-Gang Tian leg.

Type material examined. Holotype of Polyphaga sinensis (NHM, No. #876173), female, CHINA: red bordered round label: “ Holo-type ”; round label: “ North China ”; “Type.”; “ sinensis .”; “ Polyphaga sinensis Walker ”. Syntypus [Syntype] of Homoeogamia sinensis ( GMNH), 1 male, CHINA: Beijing: red label: “ Syntypus ”; “male Pekin, Chine./ M H{unreadable}”; blue label: “ Heterog. sinens ”; yellow label: “ Heterogamia sinensis, Sauss. ” .

Diagnosis. The male E. sinensis superficially resembles E. shennongensis sp. nov., but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the following characters: 1) legs and abdomen pale yellowish ( Fig. 4 B ), while legs and abdomen brown in E. shennongensis sp. nov. ( Fig. 5 D ); 2) the yellowish white margin in pronotum usually wider (Fig. 13 A–B), while narrower in E. shennongensis sp. nov. (Fig. 13 D–E); 3) styli small ( Fig. 17 B ), while larger in E. shennongensis sp. nov. ( Fig. 18 B ). This species is also historically confused with E. thibetana and E. yunnanensis in male, but it can be distinguished from the latter two by the dense and interfered maculae on tegmina ( Fig. 4 A, C, I ), while the maculae in E. thibetana and E. yunnanensis are isolated and much more scattered ( Fig. 6 A, F, H, J, L ).

Redescription. Male. General: measurements (mm): body length: 17.7–23.4, overall length: 28.5–33.5, pronotum length×width: 4.7–6.2×8.1–10.2, tegmen length: 25.8–30.1. Size median to large, pale yellow, with brown maculae on tegmina ( Fig. 4 A–C). Head: longer than width. Vertex black. Interocular space moderate, narrower than the distance between ocelli. Ocelli large, ocelli ridge distinct, curved, pubescent. Frons wrinkled, dark brown, lateral with two dimples which next to the antennal sockets. Antennae brown. Clypeus distinct, anteclypeus yellowish white, post-clypeus yellowish brown to brown, median with a longitudinal line divides it into two parts, sometimes the two parts are occupied by two large brown spots. Labrum small, yellowish brown, distal margin white, depressed. Maxillary palpi and labial palpi brown, with joint parts yellow (Fig. 13 B–C). Pronotum: dark brown, anterior margin widely whitish yellow, subtransparent. Surface generally with small yellowish pubescence, anterior and lateral margins with additional long brown setae. Apex of anterior margin slightly convex and truncated; lateral fore margins oblique; lateral parts straight, forming an angle with the anterior margin; hind margin slightly curved (Fig. 13 A). Tegmina and wings: exceeded the end of abdomen about 10.4–14.5mm. Tegmina light brownish yellow, hyaline, densely with brown speckles, the speckles mix together, not isolated, divide the hyaline part into many small irregular spots, the brown and hyaline speckles usually evenly distributed. Wings brownish hyaline, slightly maculated, venation distinct. Legs: whitish yellow, covering with brown setae, tibial spines reddish brown. Abdomen: pale whitish yellow. Supra-anal plate in ventral view well pubescent, apex protruded; two median sclerites elongate; cerci short ( Fig. 17 A ). Subgenital plate unicolored for the exposed part, hind margin setose, nearly straight; styli small, asymmetrical, left longer than the right ( Fig. 17 B ). Genitalia: well sclerotized. Left phallomere: anterior of L1 round, with a large beak-shaped process towards left, two hind lobes stout; L2 thick, roundly curved, the right end widened; L3 robust, short, curved; pda well developed, paa gentle protruded; L8 large. Right phallomere: small. R1M hollowed; R1L well sclerotized, thick; R3 concave; R2 generally divided into two chunks, the outer one much larger than the inner one ( Fig. 17 C–D).

Female. Measurements (mm): body length: 23.4–30.2, body width: 17.8–21.5. Unicolored, in dorsal view, dark brown, pubescent, anterior margin of pronotum reddish brown; in ventral view, head dark reddish brown, legs, abdomen generally reddish brown, margins of abdomen dark brown, tibial spines black. Supra-anal plate transverse type, hind margin nearly straight, median distinctly emarginated, and divided by a longitudinal line. Subgenital plate reddish brown, with median protruded, bulged ( Fig. 4 D–G).

Nymph. Similar to the female, reddish brown to dark brown, some individuals lighter colored.

Ootheca. As Fig. 38 A–B and L. Reddish brown. Serration of keel long, strongly curved, each one’s apex reaching to the other one’s back. Respiratory canals well developed. The arrangement of longitudinal ridges compacted.

Variation. Males vary in the following characters: 1) post-clypeus with two large brown spots or not; 2) the whitish yellow margin of pronotum may expand in some individuals, which only with pronotum disc brown, the rest part all whitish yellow; 3) the speckles on the tegmina can be reduced, which with anal and R areas lack brown speckles; some individuals may also have denser maculae, the tegmina strong brownish, which only with small transparent maculae.

Natural History. Females and nymphs can be found inside the tree hole in the forest ( Fig. 39 A ), or under stones ( Fig. 39 B–C).

Distribution. China (Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Neimenggu, Liaoning, Jilin, Tianjin, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan) ( Fig. 2 ); Russia.

Remarks. This species is well known as “medicine roach” in China and is very common in North China. It was originally described based on a female from North China as a member of Polyphaga ( Walker 1868) . At that time, Saussure (1869) also described a species named Homoeogamia sinensis based on two males from Beijing. Dohrn (1888) moved Homoeogamia sinensis Saussure to Heterogamia based on a female specimen. Later, Saussure (1893) thought the female Dohrn (1888) mentioned was different from his Homoeogamia sinensis , he followed Dohrn (1888) to keep Homoeogamia sinensis Saussure in genus Heterogamia , and named the female of Dohrn (1888) as Heterogamia dohrniana . Kirby (1903) synonymized Heterogamia dohrniana Saussure under Heterogamia sinensis (Saussure) , moved Heterogamia sinensis to Polyphaga and renamed it as Polyphaga limbata due to the repetition of using “sinensis” as species name in the same genus. The name Polyphaga limbata Kirby was latter confused with E. thibetana (Chopard) and E. yunnanensis (Chopard) by several researchers due to the misidentification. After examining the type specimen of Homoeogamia sinensis housed in GMNH (the type labels are not written as “ Homoeogamia sinensis ”, but “ Heterogamia sinensis ”, they are probably not the original labels, but changed by Saussure himself due to the status change from Homoeogamia sinensis to Heterogamia sinensis ), we found the type of Homoeogamia sinensis is no doubt an individual of Eupolyphaga sinensis , and also, we have examined a large number of specimens of Eupolyphaga from North China, especially in Beijing, there’s no other species but E. sinensis . Therefore, we confirm that Homoeogamia sinensis is a junior synonym of E. sinensis , the new name E. limbata for H. sinensis is also unavailable.

Figures

FIGURE 2. Distribution map of Eupolyphaga species in China (except the species only found in Yunnan. Larger circles indicate the type localities).

FIGURE 4. Eupolyphaga sinensis (Walker): A–C. Males from Beijing; D–E. Female from Beijing; F–H. Polyphaga sinensis Walker, female, holotype (with labels), from north China, F–H photographed by Zong-Qing Wang, copyright the Natural History Museum, United Kingdom (NHM). I–K. Homoeogamia sinensis Saussure = Heterogamia sinensis (Saussure), male, syntypus (with labels), from Beijing, I–K photographed by Peter Schwendinger, copyright Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Switzerland (GMNH). Scale bar 1 cm for A–E, F–G; I–J without scale bar.

FIGURE 5. Habitus of Eupolyphaga species: A–B. Eupolyphaga hupingensis sp. nov., male, holotype, from Shimen, Hunan. C–D. Eupolyphaga shennongensis sp. nov., male, holotype, from Shengnongjia, Hubei. E–J. Eupolyphaga hanae sp. nov.: E–F. Male, holotype, from Dujiangyan, Sichuan; G. Male, paratype, from Mt. Simianshan, Chongqing; H. Male, paratype, from Suining, Sichuan; I–J. Female, paratype, from Dujiangyan, Sichuan. Scale bar 1 cm for all.

FIGURE 6. Habitus of Eupolyphaga species: A–I. Eupolyphaga thibetana (Chopard): A–B. Male, from Shigatse, Tibet; C–D. Female, from Shigatse, Tibet; E. Female, from Dinggyê, Tibet; F–G. Male, from Dinggyê, Tibet; H–I. Male, from Chanang, Tibet. J–Q. Eupolyphaga yunnanensis (Chopard): J–K. Male, from Pantiange, Weixi, Yunnan; L–M. Male, from Kangding, Sichuan; N. Female, from Bomê, Tibet; O. Female, from Chagyab, Tibet; P–Q. Female, from Danba, Sichuan. Scale bar 1 cm for all.

FIGURE 17. Eupolyphaga sinensis (Walker), male: A. Supra-anal plate, ventral; B. Subgenital plate, ventral; C. Genitalia, dorsal; D. Right phallomere, right-ventral. Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 18. Eupolyphaga shennongensis sp. nov., male: A. Supra-anal plate, ventral; B. Subgenital plate, ventral; C. Genitalia, dorsal; D. Rright phallomere, right-ventral. Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 38. Oothecae of Eupolyphaga, lateral view (A–K) and close-up view (L–S): A–B, L. E. sinensis; C–D, M. E. hanae; E–F, N. E. daweishana; G, O. E. wooi; H, P. E. sp. 4 from Jizushan Town, Binchuan, Yunnan; I, Q. E. pilosa; J, R. E. yunnanensis; K, S. E. nigrinotum. Scale bars: A–K = 2 mm; L–S = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 39. Habitats of Eupolyphaga species: A–C. Habitats of E. sinensis: A. Xishan, Beijing; B–C. Individuals under the stones from Shandong. D–F. Habitat of E. hupingensis sp. nov. from Mt. Hupingshan: D–E. The road where found individuals; F. Nymph stage of the male paratype found beneath the mud. G–H. Individual of E. fusca found in a rotten wood from Heilongtan Park, Kunming. I. Habitat of E. dongi sp. nov.: the house where trapped the paratype by light. J–K. Habitat of E. xuorum sp. nov. from Shimian, Sichuan: I. Male trapped by the light; J–K. Nymph found under the cliff, beside the road. (A photographed by Mr. Bing-Qiang Wang; B–C by Mr. Ri-Xin Jiang; I by Mr. Zhi-Wei Dong; D–H and J–K by Mr. Hao Xu).