Epiclopus gayi Spinola, 1851

Vivallo, Felipe, 2014, Taxonomic revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epiclopus Spinola, 1851 (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Ericrocidini), Zootaxa 3857 (1), pp. 41-70 : 47-50

Epiclopus gayi Spinola, 1851

( Figures 10−18 , 38 , 42 , 45−47 )

Epiclopus Gayi Spinola, 1851 . 184 (Original description); Brèthes, 1910. 143 (Synonymy).

Epiclopus gayi, Friese, 1921 . 266 (Key); Taschenberg, 1883. 69 (Note on type specimen, morphology, distribution); Dalla Torre, 1896: 344. Sandhouse, 1943. 548 (Type-species of Epiclopus ); Rozen, 2003. 3, 9, 20, 22−24, 26, 29, 32 (Ovarian formula, morphology and figures of the oocyte, distribution, cited, comparative note with Ericrocis lata ( Cresson, 1878) and Mesoplia rufipes (Perty, 1833)) ; Vivallo et al., 2003: 79 (Probable hosts); Michener, 2007: 763, 764, 766 (Morphology, comparative note with Epiclopus wagenknechti ); Moure & Melo, 2007: 160, 161 (Taxonomy, distribution); Kawakita et al., 2008. 167, supplementary data: 2 (Terminal taxon in phylogenetic analysis, list, distribution, cited); Rocha-Filho et al., 2009. 301 (Hosts); Cardinal et al., 2010. 4−6, tables S1 and S4 (support information) (Terminal taxon in phylogenetic analysis, distribution, bionomy); Montalva & Ruz, 2010. 46 (List); Montalva et al., 2010. 16, 17 (List, distribution, hosts, floral record); Rozen et al., 2011. 5 (Cited); Rodríguez-Serrano et al., 2012. 3, 4 (Terminal taxon in phylogenetic analysis); González et al., 2014. 3 (Floral record, distribution).

Epicoplus [sic] gayi, Ducke, 1910 . 366 (Synonymy).

Epiclopus gay [sic], Rozen, 2003. 26 (Morphology of ovarioles, comparative note with Ericrocis lata ).

Melecta Chiliensis [sic] Smith, 1854: 288 (Original description).

Melecta chilensis, Dalla Torre, 1896 . 315 (List, emendation of the original name); Cockerell, 1904. 207 (New junior synonym of Epiclopus gayi ); Ducke, 1910. 366 (Synonymy); Lucas, 1914. 178 (Synonymy); Brèthes, 1910. 143 (Synonymy).

Melissa (Epiclopus) gayi albescens Friese, 1921 . 265, 266 (Original description, hosts, key); Rasmussen & Ascher, 2008. 21 (List).

Melissa Gayi [sic], Ducke, 1908. 40 (Taxonomy).

Mesonychium gayi, Lucas, 1914 . 178 (Synonymy); Pérez-D’Angello, 1968. 5 (Mimetism with Centris chilensis ); Wagenknecht, 1969. 172 (Distribution, floral records, host, sleeping behavior); Wagenknecht, 1971. 279, 282, 283 (Distribution, host); Snelling & Brooks, 1985. 19, 22 (Hosts, cited); Toro, 1986a. 128 (List); Toro, 1986b. 83 (List, bionomy); Kalin Arroyo et al., 1982. 93, 95 (Distribution, floral records).

Mesonychium chilensis, Snelling & Brooks, 1985 . 23 (List).

Mesonychium Gayi [sic], Janvier, 1933. 326 (Host).

Mezonychium [sic] gayi, Fraga, 1937 . 197 (Distribution, floral record).

Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Moure & Melo (2007).

Morphology. Male ( Figs. 12–17 , 42 and 47 ). Measurements: Approximate body length: 14.0; head width: 4.5; thorax width: 5.4; forewing length: 10.8. Coloration: Integument dark brown to black ( Figs. 12, 13 and 42 ). Flagellum brown. Wing membranes yellowish, veins brown. Surface sculpture: Clypeus with smooth lower edge. Surface finely areolate with fine, sparse and relatively uniform punctation. Paraocular area with similar punctation, denser and coarser towards the vertex. Labrum irregularly punctate, with coarse and dense punctures intermixed ( Fig. 42 ). Mesoscutum with fine and dense punctation, with some coarse and scattered punctures intermixed. Mesoscutellum areolate-rugose with coarse punctures posteriorly. Mesepisternum areolate-rugose with fine and dense punctures intermixed. Terga finely areolate with fine and dense punctation and with coarse and scattered punctures intermixed, coarser and denser on more posterior terga. Pubescence: Black with metallic bluish or greenish reflections on legs, sterna and posterior terga ( Fig. 13 ). Head with dark brown to black hairs. Vertex, scape and clypeus with white, long and dense pubescence, mainly on the clypeus, extending past its lower margin ( Figs. 12 and 42 ). Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, area below the wings and ventral surface of the mesepisternum, pronotal lobe, tegula, mid- and hind trochanters, dorsal surface of T1 and T2 with white, long and dense hairs ( Fig. 13 ), also present on T3-T5 (although scattered) in some specimens. Structures: Mandible strongly curved apically with a short preapical tooth near the apex of the apical tooth ( Figs. 12 and 42 ). Epistomal suture straight between anterior tentorial pits. Labrum relatively rectangular with the distal margin widely convex ( Fig. 42 ); surface with a premarginal transverse concavity with other shorter and deeper depression at the lower margin forming two short rounded projections ( Fig. 42 ). Area between lateral ocellus and eye flat (frontal view) ( Fig. 12 ). Mesoscutum with a deep longitudinal median depression. Mesoscutellum with two poorly developed humps. Axilla slightly raised. Mid tibial spur with acute apex. Preapical tooth of claws with acute apex. T7 bifurcate, apices rounded.

Female ( Figs. 10, 11 , 38 , 45 and 46 ). Measurements: Approximate body length: 15.1; head width: 4.4; thorax width: 5.5; forewing length: 11.7. Coloration: Integument dark brown to black, flagellum brown ( Fig. 10 ). Wing membranes yellowish brown with brown veins ( Fig. 11 ). Surface sculpture: Clypeus finely areolate with smooth lower edge. Clypeus and paraocular area with fine, sparse and uniform punctation, denser and coarser towards the vertex. Surface of labrum irregular, with coarse and dense punctation mixed with fine punctures. Mesoscutum areolate-rugose with fine and dense punctation. Mesoscutellum with coarse punctation, finer posteriorly. Mesepisternum areolate-rugose with fine and dense punctures intermixed. Terga with very fine and dense punctation, with coarser and sparser punctures interspersed. Pubescence: Black with metallic bluish reflections on head, mesosoma and legs ( Figs. 10, 11 , 38 , 45 and 46 ). Clypeus with a longitudinal band of whitish pubescence on disc extended towards the supraclypeal area ( Fig. 10 ). Postantennal area, vertex, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, anterior surface of the tegula, T1 and T2 with whitish, long and dense pilosity ( Figs. 10 and 11 ). Posterior edge of tibia and basitarsus of midleg with coarse, short and black hairs with curved apices. Pubescence of metasoma (except dorsal surface of T1 and T2) with green reflections, slightly bluish on sterna; all mixed with black, long, and simple hairs. Structures: Flabellum relatively elliptical. Mandible strongly curved apically with a short preapical tooth of acute apex ( Fig. 10 ). Maxillary palpus with two palpomeres (2nd>1st). Epistomal suture concave between anterior tentorial pits. Labrum relatively rectangular with convex lower margin; surface with a premarginal transverse concavity and other shorter and deeper depression at the lower margin forming two short rounded projections. Surface between lateral ocellus and compound eye flat (frontal view) ( Fig. 10 ). Mesoscutum with a deep longitudinal median depression. Mesoscutellum with two poorly developed humps. Axilla slightly raised. Mid tibial spur with acute apex. Posterior distal edge of middle basitarsus with a spine-like projection. Claws with preapical tooth of acute apex, slightly truncate in the hind leg. Apex of the pygidial plate broadly rounded, only apically delimited.

Male genitalia. See figures 14–17.

Type material. Epiclopus gayi : syntypes male and female Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturale, Torino, Italy ( MSNT, not examined). Melecta Chiliensis : holotype female with the following information: Type H. T. [white round label with red edge]\ syntype [white round label with light blue edge]\ B. M. HYM 14.B.495 [white label with “14.B.495” handwritten]\ Melecta Chiliensis [white label]\ Chili [white round label handwritten]\ Smith coll. pres by Mrs. Farren White. 99-303 [white label]\ BMNH (E) #969431 [white label] ( BMNH, examined). Melissa (Epiclopus) gayi albescens : syntypes male and female ( ZMB). Lectotype male here designated with the following information: Chile Concepc_ 1907 9/ 12 P. Herbst [whitish label with “9/12” and “7” handwritten in red ink]\ Type [red label]\ Melissa gayi var. albescens ♂ n. Fr.[handwritten] 1910 Friese det. [white label]\ Zool. Mus. Berlin [yellow label]\ Lectotype Melissa (Epiclopus) gayi var. albescens Friese, 1921 F. Vivallo des., 2014.

Type localities. Epiclopus gayi : Chile. Melecta Chiliensis : Chile. Melissa (Epiclopus) gayi albescens : Chile, Concepción.

Floral records. See table 1.

Host. Centris (Wagenknechtia) cineraria ( Snelling & Brooks, 1985 †; Wagenknecht, 1969 †; Vivallo et al., 2002 †; Rocha-Filho et al., 2009 †; Montalva et al., 2010†). Centris (Wagenknechtia) rhodophthalma ( Wagenknecht, 1971; Snelling & Brooks, 1985 †; Rocha-Filho et al., 2009 †). Centris (Paracentris) nigerrima ( Friese, 1912 †, 1921; Janvier, 1933; Wagenknecht, 1971 †; Snelling & Brooks, 1985 †; Vivallo et al., 2003 †; Rocha- Filho et al., 2009†). Centris (Penthemisia) chilensis ( Friese, 1912 †, 1921 † (cited as C. smithii ); Janvier, 1933; Wagenknecht, 1971; Snelling & Brooks, 1985 †; Vivallo et al., 2003 †; Rocha-Filho et al., 2009 †; Montalva et al., 2010†).

Distribution ( Fig. 18 ). * ARGENTINA: MENDOZA: Río Malargue. CHILE: ( Smith, 1854; Sichel, 1867; Taschenberg, 1883; Dalla Torre, 1896; Kalin Arroyo et al., 1982; Kawakita et al., 2008; Montalva & Ruz, 2010). III ATACAMA ( Wagenknecht, 1969, 1971; Toro, 1986b). *Huasco. IV COQUIMBO: ( Ruiz, 1936). El Calvario, El Guanaco ( Wagenknecht, 1969). Illapel ( Fraga, 1937). Parque Nacional Fray Jorge ( Rozen, 2003). *Choros Bajos. *Condoriaco. *Coquimbo. *Hacienda Illapel. *Huanta. *La Higuera. *Las Trancas. *Río Cochiguaz. *Rivadavia. V VALPARAÍSO: ( Friese, 1912; Moure & Melo, 2007). Casablanca, Marga-Marga, Petorca, Río Blanco ( Wagenknecht, 1969). *Playa Ancha. *Quillota (Parque Nacional La Campana). *Valparaíso. *Viña del Mar (Quinta Vergara). VI LIBERTADOR GENERAL BERNARDO O’HIGGINS: Peumo ( Wagenknecht, 1969). Termas del Flaco ( González et al., 2014). VII MAULE: Hacienda Las Mercedes (Talca) ( Gazulla & Ruiz, 1928; Wagenknecht, 1969). Laguna de Teno ( Cardinal et al., 2010). *Cauquenes. *Cordillera de Parral. *El Coigo. *El Coligual. *El Planchón (Curicó). *Estero de Leiva. *Linares. *Los Queñes. *Los Ruiles. *Tregualemu. VIII BIOBÍO: Concepción ( Friese, 1912; Moure & Melo, 2007). IX ARAUCANÍA: Cautín (Moure & Melo, 2007), Malleco (Termas de Río Blanco), Temuco ( Wagenknecht, 1969). *Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta. *Pemehue. XIII REGIÓN METROPOLITANA: (Moure & Melo, 2007). Santiago ( Friese, 1912; Montalva et al., 2010). Cerro Caleu (Tiltil), La Obra, Pudahuel, Quebrada Macul ( Wagenknecht, 1969). Lagunillas, Río Clarillo ( González et al., 2014). *Alhue. *Arrayán. *Cajón del Maipo. *Caleu. *Cerro El Roble. *El Volcán. *Farellones. *Las Cruces. *Peñalolén. *Pudahuel. *Puente Alto.

Material examined. ARGENTINA: MENDOZA: 1 female: Argentina Mendoza, Río Malargue (35º33’1044”, 69º40’2264”), 1567 m 24 February 2007 coll. M. Lucia ( MLP). CHILE: ATACAMA: 1 male: Chile: Region III 0.2km E of Huasco -28.4660 -71.20.47 19.x.2009 J. Gibbs ( PCYU). IV COQUIMBO: 1 male: Condoriaco 21-X-48 ( MHNS). 1 male: HYMNRJ 000037\ Chile 15-1958 Coquimbo L. Peña Guzman ( MNRJ). 1 female: HYMNRJ 000002\ Coleção Campos Seabra\ Hda. Illapel 500 m Chile 26.X. 954 Luis Pena\\ Coquimbo ( MNRJ). 1 male: HYMNRJ 000003\ Coleção Campos Seabra\ Hda. Illapel 500 m Chile 26.X. 954 Luis Pena\\ Coquimbo ( MNRJ). 1 male: HYMNRJ 000004\ Coleção Campos Seabra\ Hda. Illapel 500 m Chile 26.X. 954 Luis Pena\\ Coquimbo ( MNRJ). 1 male: HYMNRJ 000005\ Coleção Campos Seabra\ Hda. Illapel 500 m Chile 26.X. 954 Luis Pena\\ Coquimbo\ Hda. Illapel 26-oct-54 500m ( MNRJ). 1 female: Carel Illapel-CO Chile 15-XI-63 Luis E. Pena ( DZUP). 1 male and 1 female: Huanta 6-I-53 Coll. Wagenknecht La Serena-Chile ( MHNS). 1 male and 1 female: Las Trancas Chile I 1958 L. E. Peña ( DZUP). 1 female: Rio Cochiguaz Fdo. Carrizal 1-II-40 ( DZUP). 1 male: Chile Region IV N. P. Fray Jorge 21.x.01 Packer & Fraser ( PCYU). 1 female: Chile Region IV Fray Jorge N. P. 20.x.01 Packer & Fraser ( PCYU). 1 male: Chile: Region IV 3.5 km W of Rivadavia N - 29.9971 E -70.5862 21.x.2009 Net J. Gibbs PCYU-JG09-242\ B09997-D10 Bees of Chile 615 ( PCYU). 1 male: Chile: Region IV 3.5 km W of Rivadavia N - 29.9971 E -70.5862 21.x.2009 Net J. Gibbs PCYU-JG09-243 ( PCYU). 1 female: Chile, Region IV, SW of Rivadavia, -29.981 -70.5622, 21.x.2009, J. Gibbs\ CH 38\ Bold BHTT 071-09 B03750F11- CHL ( PCYU). 1 male: Chile, Region IV, 41- CH km 108, -29.85383 -70.37334 1228m, 17.x.2013 S. Monckton\ PCYU Packer Coll. York Univ. 0 0 210022 ( PCYU). 1 female: Chile Region IV Choros Bajos 16.x.00 L. Packer ( PCYU). 1 female: Chile, Region IV 2 km N. La Higuera S29° 29.61 W 71°13.39’ 29.xi.2002 J. Grixti & A. Zayed ( PCYU). V VALPARAÍSO: 1 female: HYMNRJ 000006\ V. R. Playa Ancha 23-12-1999 F. Vivallo, col. ( MNRJ). 1 female: HYMNRJ 000007\ V. R. Qta. Vergara 23-12-01 F. Vivallo, col. ( MNRJ). 1 male: HYMNRJ 000008\ Chile V Región Valparaíso, XI- 98 F. Vivallo, col ( MNRJ). 2 males: Chile Quillota Campanas Nat. Park 32°932’S 71°078’W 250m, 2-10.i.2000 M. Irwin, MT ( PCYU). 2 females: Chile, Quillota, 250m Campanas Nat. Park, 32.93°S 71.078°W 29.xi.1999 M. Irwin, MT ( PCYU). 3 females: Chile Quillota Campanas Nat. Park 32°932’S 71°078’W 250m, 2-10.i.2000 M. Irwin, MT ( PCYU). VII MAULE: 1 female: Chile 15-X-1958 Cauquenes Luis Peña Guzman ( DZUP). 1 female: Estero de Leiva Cord. Parral 8,12- Enero-53 Lg: Barros-Pena ( DZUP). 3 females: El Coigo CU Chile 15 X- 60 L. E. Pena ( DZUP). 1 male: HYMNRJ 000009\ Coleção Campos Seabra\ El Coigual [sic= Coligual] 1400-1600 m Chile 13.I.1955 Luis Pena ( MNRJ). 1 male: HYMNRJ 000010\ Coleção Campos Seabra\ El Coigual [sic= Coligual] 1400-1600 m Chile 13.I.1955 Luis Pena ( MNRJ). 1 female: HYMNRJ 000011\ Coleção Campos Seabra\ El Coigual [sic= Coligual] 1400-1600 m Chile 13.I.1955 Luis Pena ( MNRJ). 1 female: HYMNRJ 000012\ Coleção Campos Seabra\ El Coigual [sic= Coligual] 1400-1600 m Chile 13.I.1955 Luis Pena ( MNRJ). 1 female: HYMNRJ 000013\Coleção Campos Seabra\ El Coigual [sic= Coligual] 1400-1600 m Chile 13.I.1955 Luis Pena ( MNRJ). 1 male: HYMNRJ 000014\ Coleção Campos Seabra\ El Coigual [sic= Coligual] 1600 ( MNRJ). 1 male: HYMNRJ 000015\ Coleção Campos Seabra\ El Coigual [sic= Coligual] 1600 ( MNRJ). 1 male: Dptº Zool UF-Paraná\ El Coigual [sic= Coligual]-Curico Chile X/ XI/ 55 M. Fritz leg. ( DZUP). 1 male: Curicó Los Queñes 23-XI-80 \ H. Toro col. Chile ( PUCV). 1 female: Villega Linhares [sic= Linares] Chile 4-XII 60 L.E. Pena ( DZUP). 13 males: Chile. Curicó prov. El Planchón 34°08’57,8”S 70°31’49,2”W 2000m 1-5.ii.2003 Leg. A. Ugarte P ( PCYU). 1 female: Chile Region VII Tregualemu 210ft 35°57’525” 072°44’712” 16.xii.06 L. Packer ( PCYU). 1 female: Chile: opposite Los Ruiles, -37.836556 -72.497211 235m 26.i.2007 yellow pans L. Packer ( PCYU). VIII BIOBÍO: 1 male: Chile Concepcion 1908 P. Herbst\ Flaminio Ruiz 1950\ com C. nigerrima ( DZUP). IX ARAUCANÍA: 1 male: HYMNRJ 000016\ Pemehue Chile 1750\ Mesonychium gayi ( Spin.) ♂ P. Moure 1953 ( MNRJ). 2 females: Chile: Region IX Nahuelbuta Nat. Park 37°809’S 73°016’W 3680’ 6-9.i.2000, MT D. W. Webb & D. K. Yeates ( PCYU). XIII REGIÓN METROPOLITANA: 1 female: Alhue-Chile 1-6-1948 Peña ( DZUP). 1 female: HYMNRJ 000031\ Arrayán 0. I.1959 col. H. Toro G. ( MNRJ). 1 male: HYMNRJ 000032\ Santiago Cajon del Maipo XI-1970 Col. R. Arce ( MNRJ). 1 male: Chile, Region Metropolitana, Cerro El Roble, 32º58’S, 7º00’W, 1300 m, 14.xi.1999, G. Melo ( DZUP). 1 male: HYMNRJ 000029\ Santiago Farellones XII-1981 \ J. Magunacelaya col. Chile ( MNRJ). 1 female: La Obra 3-12-51 Etcheverry ( MNRJ). 1 male: Las Cruces SA Chile 18-XI- 60 L. E. Peña ( MNRJ). 1 male: Peñalolen Stgo ♀- 11-I-31 Coll. A.F. ( DZUP). 1 female: HYMNRJ 000017\ R. M. Pte. Alto 04-02-01 F. Vivallo, col ( MNRJ). 1 male: HYMNRJ 000018\ Coleção Campos Seabra\ Pudahuel Santiago Chile I. XI.1946 T. Ramirez\ Mesonychium frieseanum Herbst det. A. Oglobin ( MNRJ). 1 female: Santiago Chile XIII 49 ( DZUP). 1 male: Chile, Region Metropolitano [sic=Metropolitana] E. of El Volcan, 1963m -33.82824 -70.04365 31.xii.2012 - 7.i.2013 pan traps L. Packer R. Smith ( PCYU). 1 male: Chile Region Metropolitano [sic=Metropolitana] Caleu 3.x.00 L. Packer ( PCYU). 1 female: Chile, Region Metro Km 12 Caleu 1.i.2009 L. Packer Colletia spinosissima PCYU CHI 09-4-6 -010 ( PCYU). 1 female: Chile Region Metro Farellones S33.21376 W70.19487 2179m 31.xii.2008 L. Packer Melesherbia linearifolia ( PCYU). 1 female: Chile Region Metro Farellones 2179m S33.35627 W70.32478 9.i.2009 L. Packer PCYU CHI 09-11-1 -019 ( PCYU). 1 female: Chile, Region Metro Cerro El Roble peak S32.97661 W71.01325 2205m 1.i.2009 L. Packer PCYU CHI 09-4-3 -004 ( PCYU).

Figures

FIGURE 18. Distribution records of Epiclopus gayi.

FIGURES 10 – 13. Epiclopus gayi. Fig. 10. Female (Chile: Viña del Mar): Head, frontal view (scale bar 1 mm). Fig. 11. Female: Habitus, lateral view (scale bar 5 mm). Fig. 12. Male (Chile: Cajón del Maipo): Head, frontal view (scale bar 1 mm). Fig. 13. Male: Habitus, lateral view (scale bar 5 mm).

FIGURES 14 – 17. Epiclopus gayi, male genitalia (Chile: Santiago). Fig. 14. Genital capsule: dorsal view. Fig. 15. Genital capsule: ventral view. Fig. 16. S 7: dorsal view. Fig. 17. S 8: dorsal view (scale bars 0.5 mm).

FIGURES 37 – 40. Females (dorsal view). Fig. 37. Epiclopus ecphorus new species (Chile: El Pangue). Fig. 38. Epiclopus gayi (Chile: Viña del Mar). Fig. 39. Epiclopus lendlianus (Chile: Peñalolén). Fig. 40. Epiclopus wagenknechti (Chile: El Tofo) (scale bars 2 mm).

FIGURES 41 – 44. Labrum of males of Epiclopus. Fig. 41. E. ecphorus new species (Holotype, Chile: El Pangue). Fig. 42. E. gayi (Chile: Cajón del Maipo). Fig. 43. E. lendlianus (Chile: Viña del Mar). Fig. 44. E. wagenknechti (Neotype, Chile: Castilla) (scale bars 0.5 mm).

FIGURES 45 – 50. Species of Epiclopus in nature. Fig. 45. Female of E. gayi. Fig. 46. Female of E. gayi on Fabiana imbricata (Solanaceae). Fig. 47. Male of E. gayi on Silybum marianum (Asteraceae). Fig. 48. Female of E. lendlianus on Lathyrus subandinus (Leguminosae). Fig. 49. E. ecphorus new species flying near Adesmia sp. (Fabaceae). Fig. 50. E. lendlianus on L. subandinus.