Galodoxa torquata Nagy, 1974

Vargas, Juan M. & Azevedo, Celso O., 2016, Discovery of the male of Galodoxa Nagy (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), with emended generic diagnosis, Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 209, pp. 393-406 : 398-404

Galodoxa torquata Nagy, 1974

Figures 1-5

Galodoxa torquata Nagy, 1974: 127 , figs 1-7 - Gordh & Móczár 1990: 171 (catalog); Terayama 2003: 15 (list); Azevedo & Lanes 2009: 843-846 (redescription).

TYPE MATERIAL — Holotype ♀, Philippines. Palawan, Mantalingajan, Pinigisan 600 meters, 7.ix.1961 -62, Noona Dan Expedition ( ZMUC).

MATERIAL EXAMINED — Malaysia. Pasoh Forest Res[erve]. Negri S[embilan], 16.x.[19]78 for[est] gap, P. & M. Becker (1♀, AEIC). Laos. Vientiane Prov. Ban Van Eue., 15.xii.1965 and 15.xii.1966, Native Collector, Rondon, (2♂, BPBM). Papua New Guinea. Madang, Wanang, -5.22767 145.0797, 175 m, 16-17/11/2012 and 20-21/11/2012,Gewa, Damag,Novotny, Leponce,understory; Malaise trap (2♀, MNHN).NE New Guinea,Wau, Hospital Ck. 1250 m, 18.v.1965. J. Sedlacek. Malaise trap (1♂, BPBM). Philippines. Negro, Oriental Island, Dumaguete, 1500 feet, 3.vi.1949 (1♀, MCZH).

DISTRIBUTION — Laos, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia (Sulawesi), Papua New Guinea ( Figure 1). The most southeastern record in Indonesia is more than 2,000 km far from the Papua New Guinea records and, the most northwestern record in Philippines is more than 1,900 km far from the Malaysia and Laos records. This species shows a very large distribution covering about 3,600 km 2 ( Figure 1), and an elevation from 20 to 1,500 m.

DESCRIPTION (males from Laos) — ( Figures 3-6) Body length 3.27-3.50 mm. Forewing length 2.10-2.24 mm. Color. Head and mesosoma black, metasoma dark castaneous; basal half of antenna light castaneous basally and apical half of flagellum dark castaneous; coxae black, trochanters and femora dark castaneous, meso- and metatibiae mainly castaneous, protibia and tarsi light castaneous ( Figure 3a, b); wings translucent brown, veins castaneous ( Figures 2g, 4c, d). Head. Mandible with four apical teeth, uppermost tooth short and widely truncated as cutting edge; with basal callus surrounded by semicircular concavity or fovea ( Figures 2d, 4g, h). Clypeus with trapezoidal median lobe, lateral lobe shorter than median lobe, distinctly projected and convex; frontoclypeal suture between toruli angulate posteriorly; clypeal carina posteriorly convex in lateral profile and anteriorly widened and reaching anterior margin as inverted cone; clypeal posterior margin extending backward between toruli. Scape strongly arched and 0.4-0.5× as wide as long; pedicel 0.5-0.7× as wide as long; flagellum monofiliform, flagellomeres 1.5-2.3× as long as wide, pubescence sub-erect and tufts of long setae arising subapically on flagellomeres II- XI ( Figure 4e, f). Eye mainly lateral, glabrous, bulging in dorsal view, ovoid with anterior margin wider than posterior. Frons sculpture coriaceous with scattered punctures or foveolate,

anterior area between toruli and eyes irregularly foveolate, median longitudinal line or carina absent, median isolated tubercle present posterior to the frontoclypeal suture. LH 1.18× WH. WF 0.58-0.63× WH. WF 0.48-0.54× LH. OOL 0.7- 1.0× WOT. Ocellar anterior angle obtuse, distance to vertex 1.0-1.3× DAO. Vertex margin straight in dorsal view. VOL 0.28-0.34× LH ( Figure 3c, d). Hypostomal carina evenly arched and conspicuously sculptured with several short carinae ( Figure 3e, f). Mesosoma. Pronotum disk sub-equal in length to mesoscutum, sculpture strongly coriaceous, anterior margin concave with transverse carina or sharp edge dorsally defined by two deep fovea separated from each other medially by anteromedian carina, posterior pre-marginal area with a carinate sulcus or transverse line of foveae ( Figure 4a, b). Pronotal declivity concave in profile. Pronotal flanges anteriorly with foveolate sculpture and remaining area coriaceous to areolate to alutaceous ( Figure 3g, h). Notauli conspicuous, distinctly drop-shaped, posteriorly appearing slightly connected to parapsidal furrows by shallow transverse alutaceous sculpture. Parapsidal furrow conspicuous and extended anteriorly. Scutellum not touching metapectal-propodeal complex; scutellar groove deep and not evenly wide, divided medially and internally trabeculate, lateral ends dilated posteriorly ( Figure 4a, b). Metapectal-propodeal complex transversely striate anteriorly and polished posteriorly ( Figure 5b left); lateral carinae appearing complete; propodeal declivity finely transverse striate. Spiracle elliptical and surrounded by circular fovea or cavity, appearing ventral to lateral carina in lateral view. Epicoxal sulcus subcircular. Propleuron anterior margin angulate in lateral view. Mesopleuron somewhat oval, its surface convex and laterally projecting with respect to the subtegular fovea, not concave before mesocoxa junction, sculpture coriaceous with isolated punctures, with a conspicuous prepectal triangular depression ventral to wide subtegular fovea ( Figure 3g, h). Prosternum with conspicuous median fovea. Pleurosternal groove present and connected with subtegular fovea. Forewing 3.0-3.2× as long as its maximum width. Legs. Femora slightly dilated with ventral scrobe, profemur 3.2-3.7× as long as wide, mesofemur 2.3-2.7× as long as wide and metafemur 2.6-2.8× as long as wide. Tibiae elongate. Pro- and metatibiae about 5× as long as wide. Protibia with one apical spur and outer apical spine close to it in same position as mucron in female. Mesotibia about 3.5× as long as wide with two spurs and several apical spines, but without strong modifications as in female. Metatibia with row of long and appressed posterior and subapical setae and with two spurs, anterior shortest. Protarsus with fibula (not so curved as in female), tarsomeres I and V longer than remains. Mesotarsomeres elongated. Metatarsus with ventral thick suberect setae. Metasoma. Shorter than thorax and dorsal surface strongly convex in lateral view; sculpture dorsally smooth and ventrally weakly coriaceous ( Figures 3a, 5c). Petiole of sternum I ventrally with two median foveae. Spiracle opening visible in dorsal view. Expansions absent on sternum IV ( Figure 3a, b).

Genitalia: Male genitalia with paramere totally divided into slender ventral arm and dorsal arm apically widened and subequally elongate. Cuspis reduced to absent. Aedeagus simple, usually with single lobe, and bottle-shaped; aedeagus shorter than parameral lobes and subequal to volsella. Basal ring present. Basiparamere inner margin appearing slightly divergent posteriorly in dorsal view ( Figure 6a,b).

VARIATION — The male specimens recorded from Papua New Guinea and Laos vary in measurements almost imperceptibly between localities. In general, the variation is in colour, genal carina sculpture, clypeal carina shape, epicoxal sulcus shape, metapectal-propodeal complex sculpture ( Figure 5b right), prosternal median groove, relative length of aedeagus respective to the paramere lobes and volsella, divergence between basiparameral inner margins and metasomal lateral habitus ( Figure 6b).

In particular, the male from Papua New Guinea differs from those from Laos: body dark castaneous to black, antenna

light castaneous; coxae, trochanters, femora and metatibiae castaneous; protibia pale castaneous (pro- and mesotarsi missing); metasoma castaneous; clypeus median lobe subtrapezoidal with clypeal carina profile convex in lateral view, appearing as elongated triangle ( Figure 3d); vertex crest convex in dorsal view; occipital carina scarcely sculptured ( Figure 3f); pronotal anterior margin medially angled, flanges with three anterior foveae and general sculpture more conspicuous, anterior vertical margin acute and sculpture mainly coriaceous to alutaceous to imbricate, collar delimitation and anterior marginal elevation (sensu Alencar & Azevedo 2013) conspicuous ( Figure 3h); notauli very weak or obscured by irregular coriaceous sculpture posteriorly connected to parapsidal furrows by arched shallow depression; parapsidal furrows very weak, absent anteriorly (character obscured by poor specimen quality); scutellum touching metapectal-propodeal complex, scutellar groove evenly wide, lateral ends not dilated ( Figure 4a, b); metapectal-propodeal complex mostly areolate, but striate anteriorly and coriaceous posterolaterally, lateral carinae distinct along posterior half; spiracle elliptical and posterior to circular fovea in dorsal view ( Figure 5b right); epicoxal sulcus triangular; propleuron anterior margin evenly curve; mesopleuron with barely distinct prepectal depression ventral to wide subtegular fovea; prosternum fovea inconspicuous or absent; metasoma longer than thorax, and dorsal surface slightly convex in lateral view ( Figure 3h); petiole with median longitudinal ridge on ventral surface; exclude this statement; aedeagus longer than parameral lobes and volsella about one fourth of its own length; basiparameral inner margin appearing widely divergent posteriorly in dorsal view ( Figure 6b).

At least one female taken in Papua New Guinea differ from the holotype and described specimens as follows: pronotal disc median groove wide and shallow; metapostnotum with irregular areolate triangle and posterior half mainly transversely strigate-rugose, declivity weakly coriaceous; scutellum not touching metapectal-propodeal complex; propleuron with anterior and ventral margins in lateral view forming acute angle; mesopleuron surface conspicuously concave before coxa and subtegular fovea not subdivided; metasomal sterna IV- V with anterior half strigate and coriaceous on posterior half (aciculate membrane sensu Azevedo & Lanes 2009), flat surface with small and short posterolateral setose tubercles, sternum VI with anterior parallel flanges short. However the two females collected in Papua New Guinea are also different one to another. The both sexes recorded from Papua New Guinea have several differences from the remaining specimens analyzed.

Several of these variations are slight or could be explained conservatively as evidence of a possible ongoing process of speciation mediated by vicariance ( Cecca 2002) due to the insularity of the main distributional area of Galodoxa and because Papua New Guinea is on the southeastern extreme of this distribution, far from the northwestern extreme where the other males come from.

SEX ASSOCIATION — The male-female association is based on several characters. Both sexes have the mandibles robust; the clypeal carina present; the antennal scape about twice as long as wide, medially flat and strongly curved, in lateral view ( Figures 2c, d, and 4e, f); the pronotal anterior margin, in dorsal view, straight with angulated sides; pronotal collar forming a strongly concave anterior surface with a sharp lateral margin ( Figures 2e, 3 e-h); the propleuron subquadrate with conspicuous epicoxal sulcus and anterior margin, in lateral view, forming a sub-straight angle ( Figures 2e, 3g, h); the mesopleuron sculpture reduced including an inconspicuous central pit comparatively dislocated upward ( Figures 2e, 3e, h); the metapectal-propodeal complex transversely striate anteriorly, anterior and lateral carinae present, more or less developed, and propodeal disc without posterior transverse and longitudinal carinae; propodeal declivity transversely striate to finely areolate. Spiracle elliptical and the opening mainly visible in dorsal view, appearing ventral to lateral carina ( Figures 2e, 3g, h, 5b). Besides, the forewing presents a unique combination of venation, with closed costal vein,

prostigma and stigma inconspicuous, median cell triangular and elongated, submedian cell subrectangular with 1cu-a

vein perpendicular to the posterior margin, submedian cell length at most half of the median cell length, radial vein absent, longitudinal flexion line distally forked ( Figures 2g, 4 c, see figure 7 on Azevedo & Lanes, 2009).