Polypedilum

Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye & Saether, Ole A., 2008, Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae), Zootaxa 1953, pp. 1-145 : 28-32

Key to males of Polypedilum subgenus Pentapedilum

1. Anal point very broad with distinct furrow or V-shaped ridge ( Figs 7A, 13D, 21C, 28A); superior volsella projection either needle pointed, or vestigial ( Figs 7 C–E; 15H; 21F, G; 28B) ........................................ 2

- Anal point parallel-sided or tapering, sometimes spatulate or with rounded apex, no furrow or V-shaped ridge; superior volsella with projection well developed, not needle pointed or vestigial. ........................ 7

2. Superior volsella with vestigial projection ( Fig. 28A, B). ............. P. (Pe.) paraconvexum Zhang et Wang

- Superior volsella with needle-like projection, ( Figs 13G–I, 15H)...............................................................

3. Anal point with basal median furrow or ridge nearly V-shaped ( Fig. 7A, B); cell m basal of RM with less than 25 setae ............................................................................................................................................... 4

- Anal point with median furrow reaching apex; cell m basal of RM with more than 50 setae. ................. 5

4. Wing membrane with numerous macrotrichia, most cells with more than 100 macrotrichia, cell m basal of RM with 14–20 macrotrichia; 23–26 dorsocentrals; superior volsella base low ( Fig. 21F, G); AR 1.13– 1.39; clypeus with 29–30 setae .......................................................................... P. (Pe.) kasumiense (Sasa)

- Wing membrane microtrichia less numerous, cell m basal of RM with 1–13 macrotrichia; 9–16 dorsocentrals; superior volsella base high ( Fig. 7C–E); AR 1.35–1.56; clypeus with 17–25 setae. ......................... ............................................................................................................................... P. (Pe.) anale (Freeman)

5. AR 1.0–1.4; 15–17 dorsocentrals; tergite IX with 13–14 median setae. ..... P. (Pe.) convexum (Johannsen)

- AR 0.3–0.4; with 28–30 dorsocentrals; tergite IX with 20–25 median setae............................................. 6

6. Foretibial scale without spur; base of superior volsella with 3–4 inner setae. P. (Pe.) toyamadeeum (Sasa)

- Foretibial scale with spur; base of superior volsella with 6 inner setae. ...................................................... .............................................................................................................. P. (Pe.) fanjingense Zhang et Wang

7. Cell m 1+2 with less than 100 setae; cell r 4+5 with less than 100 setae except in some or all specimens of P. (Pe.) chutteri , P. (Pe.) hamoni , P. (Pe.) reei , and P. (Pe.) ruandae ............................................................ 8

- Cells m 1+2 and r 4+5 each with more than 100 setae .................................................................................... 18

8. Foretibial scale with spur; wing vein M bare or with 2–3 setae; cell m basal of RM bare or with 1 or 3 macrotrichia; seta on projection of superior volsella situated basally........................................................ 9

- Foretibial scale without spur; wing vein M bare or usually with several setae; cell m basal of RM bare or with several setae; seta on projection of superior volsella situated basally, medially or apically. .......... 12

9. AR 0.5–0.7; cell m basal of RM with 1–3 macrotrichia .......................................................................... 10

- AR 1.4–1.8; cell m basal of RM bare....................................................................................................... 11

10. Base of superior volsella with sparse microtrichia ( Fig. 9G); wing vein M bare; Cu with 9 setae. ........... ................................................................................................................................... P. (Pe.) botiense sp. n.

- Base of superior volsella without microtrichia ( Fig. 13C); wing vein M with 2 setae; Cu bare.................. .............................................................................................................................. P. (Pe.) chutteri Harrison

11. Abdominal segments III and V with central dark band, others with broad transverse band; wing vein M bare; base of superior volsella with some microtrichia ( Fig.35F) ................ P. (Pe.) tigrinum (Hashimoto)

- Abdominal segments uniformly dark; wing vein M with 3 setae; base of superior volsella bare ( Fig. 30G). .................................................................................................................... P. (Pe.) ruandae Freeman

12. Base of superior volsella very broad and high with short beak-like medially directed projection about as in subgenus Uresipedilum ( Fig. 38A, C), base without inner seta. ................ P. (Pe.) trukense (Tokunaga)

- Superior volsella not Uresipedilum -like; base with inner setae except in P. (Pe.) palauense . ................ 13

13. Base of superior volsella with microtrichia and with 2–6 inner setae; AR 1.4–1.6; LR 1 1.5–1.8. .......... 14

- Base of superior volsella without microtrichia and with 0–3 inner setae; AR 0.8–2.0; LR 1 2.0–2.5. .... 16

14. Base of superior volsella with 4–6 inner setae, inferior volsella not apically bifurcate.......................... 15

- Base of superior volsella with 2–3 inner setae; inferior volsella apically bifurcate ( Fig. 28G). ................. ........................................................................................................................................ P. (Pe.) reei sp. n.

15. Seta on projection of superior volsella placed basally, inner margin of projection rugulose, base not completely covered by microtrichia ( Fig. 15B). ................................................. P. (Pe.) kamosecundum (Sasa)

- Seta on projection of superior volsella placed medially, inner margin of projection apparently smooth, base completely covered by microtrichia ( Fig. 32B; Sasa 1979, fig. 17). ...... P. (Pe.) shirokanense (Sasa)

16. Superior volsella without inner basal setae, lateral seta situated subapically on projection ( Fig. 15G); AR 0.75; postcubitus with 11 setae....................................................................... P. (Pe.) palauense Tokunaga

- Superior volsella with 2–3 inner basal setae, lateral seta situated medially on projection; AR 1.1–2.0; postcubitus bare........................................................................................................................................ 17

17. Abdominal segments with broad dark bands; base of superior volsella very low; anal point spatulate ( Fig. 11C) ............................................................................................................... P. (Pe.) calvescens (Freeman)

- Abdominal segments clear green without dark markings; base of superior volsella normal; anal point not spatulate ( Fig. 19G) .............................................................................................. P. (Pe.) hamoni Freeman

18. Abdominal segments with broad dark bands; squama with more than 11 setae except in some specimens of P. (Pe.) sordens .................................................................................................................................... 19

- Abdominal segments uniformly colored or pale with darker posterior margins; squama with less than 12 setae except in P. (Pe.) muscicola . ........................................................................................................... 23

19. Foretibial scale without spur or if minute spur occasionally present [ P. (Pe.) vittatum ] base of superior volsella bare and cell m basal of RM with 3–13 setae; base of superior volsella with 3–4 inner setae.. 20

- Foretibial scale with spur when base of superior volsella bare; cell m basal of RM with more than 50 setae; base of superior volsella with 3–6 inner setae................................................................................ 22

20. Base of superior volsella with microtrichia, projection without seta ( Fig. 18F–H)..................................... ................................................................................................ P. (Pe.) furudosecundum (Sasa et Arakawa)

- Base of superior volsella bare, projection with or without seta. ...................................... 21

21. Projection of superior volsella strongly curved, usually without seta on projection ( Fig. 14F); inferior volsella subapically swollen ( Fig. 14G); LR 1 about 1.3. ................... P. (Pe.) daitojekeum (Sasa et Suzuki)

- Projection of superior volsella nearly straight except at apex, with medially placed seta on projection ( Fig. 43B, C); inferior volsella nearly parallel-sided ( Fig. 43E); LR 1 1.6–1.8. P. (Pe.) vittatum (Freeman)

22. Base of superior volsella bare; inferior volsella parallel-sided ( Fig. 33 G–O). ........................................... .................................................................................................................... P. (Pe.) sordens (van der Wulp)

- Base of superior volsella covered with microtrichia ( Fig. 38H); inferior volsella broadened near apex .... .......................................................................................................................... P. (Pe.) unagitertium (Sasa)

23. Foretibial scale with spur ......................................................................................................................... 24

- Foretibial scale without spur .................................................................................................................... 32

24. Projection of superior volsella almost straight, base bare ........................................................................ 25

- Projection of superior volsella curved, but nearly straight in some specimens of P. (Pe.) leei and P. (Pe.) tritum , base bare or with microtrichia ...................................................................................................... 27

25. Superior volsella without seta on projection, with 3 inner setae on base; anal point spatulate; inferior volsella not subapically widened; AR 1.8; 26 dorsocentrals, 16 scutellars. ... P. (Pe.) muscicola (Kieffer)

- Superior volsella with seta on projection, with 4 inner setae on base; anal point spatulate or parallelsided; inferior volsella not slightly widened near apex; AR 1.3–1.6; 11–21 dorsocentrals, 7–14 scutellars. .................................................................................................................................................................. 26

26. Anal point spatulate; anal tergite bands weak, not fused basal to median setae; cell m basal of RM with 11 macrotrichia, RM bare; clypeus with 15 setae. ...........................................P. (Pe.) botasaneanui sp. n.

- Anal point parallel-sided; anal tergite bands well developed, fused basal to median setae; cell m basal of RM with about 50 macrotrichia; RM with 2 setae; clypeus with 20–27 setae. ......... P. (Pe.) intuber sp. n.

27. Base of superior volsella with microtrichia, seta on projection placed medially..................................... 28

- Base of superior volsella bare, seta on projection placed medially or basally. ........................................ 29

28. Base of superior volsella low; AR 0.9–1.2............................................ P. (Pe.) epleri Oyewo et Jacobsen

- Base of superior volsella higher; AR 1.6 ................................................................ P. (Pe.) tritum (Walker)

29. AR 0.75; cell m basal of RM with less than 5 macrotrichia; 12–16 dorsocentrals. .................................... .............................................................................................................................. P. (Pe.) chutteri Harrison

- AR 1.6–2.1; cell m basal of RM with more than 39 macrotrichia; 18–37 dorsocentrals. ....................... 30

30. Inferior volsella apically clubbed; cell m basal of RM with 40 macrotrichia, seta on superior volsella projection close to base ...................................................................................... P. (Pe.) longisetum Moubayed

- Inferior volsella parallel-sided; cell m basal of RM with more than 60 macrotrichia; seta on superior volsella projection placed medially.......................................................................................................... 31

31. Seta on superior volsella projection placed 2/3 from base; tergite IX with 11–13 median setae; LR 1 1.93– 2.24; 18–27 dorsocentrals; abdominal segments with very thin pruinose apices. .. P. (Pe.) leei (Freeman)

- Seta on superior volsella projection placed in basal half; tergite IX with about 29 median setae; LR 1 about 1.2; about 37 dorsocentrals; abdominal segments without pruinose apices. ... P. (Pe.) scirpicola (Kieffer)

32. Base of superior volsella without microtrichia except in some specimens of P. (Pe.) micra with AR of 0.4–0.8 and LR 1 higher than 2.0; AR often lower than 1.0. ..................................................................... 33

- Base of superior volsella with microtrichia; AR lower than 1.0 only in P. (Pe.) esaki with LR 1 about 1.3. .................................................................................................................................................................. 42

33. Base of superior volsella with 4–5 inner setae; AR higher than 1.0; inferior volsella nearly parallel-sided; anal tergite bands fused basal to median setae except in P. (Pe.) mellense . ............................................ 34

- Base of superior volsella with 0–3 inner setae; AR lower than 1.0 except in P. (Pe.) wittei and P. (Pe.) tissimaharense ; inferior volsella often widened near apex; anal tergite bands not fused basal to median setae except in P. (Pe.) wittei ............................................................................................................................. 37

34. Inferior volsella with 2 apical setae; projection of superior volsella with 2 setae, base with 5 inner setae. ................................................................................................................... P. (Pe.) mellense (Goetghebuer)

- Inferior volsella with 1 apical seta; projection of superior volsella with 1 seta, base with 4–5 inner setae .................................................................................................................................................................. 35

35. Projection of superior volsella strongly curved with more than apex directed medially, seta on projection placed medially; scutellum with 9–13 setae............................................................................................. 36

- Projection of superior volsella less strongly curved with only apex directed medially, seta on projection placed basally; scutellum with 25–27 setae ................................ P. (Pe.) robusticeps (Guha et Chaudhuri)

36. Anal point without V-shaped basal ridge; tergite IX with 18 median setae ( Fig. 20E); scutellum with 13 setae; clypeus with 29 setae ............................................................................ P. (Pe.) hirtiforceps (Kieffer)

- Anal point with V-shaped basal ridge; tergite IX with 11 median setae; scutellum with 9 setae; clypeus with 11 setae. .................................................................................. P. (Pe.) tusimafegeum (Sasa et Suzuki)

37. Base of superior volsella without setae ( Fig. 15A); RM and M bare; 21–24 prealars; scutellum with 23– 30 setae ............................................................................................................ P. (Pe.) elongatus Tokunaga

- Base of superior volsella with 1–3 setae; RM and M with setae; less than 20 prealars; scutellum with 2– 20 setae ..................................................................................................................................................... 38

38. LR 2.0–2.5; base of superior volsella may have a few microtrichia ( Fig. 24F); scutellum with 2–5 setae. ................................................................................................................................. P. (Pe.) micra Freeman

- LR lower than 2.0; base of superior volsella bare; scutellum with 6–13 setae ........................................ 39

39. Projection of superior volsella almost straight........................................................................................ 40

- Projection of superior volsella curved..................................................................................................... 41

40. Abdominal tergites brown with narrow darker posterior bands; AR 1.8–2.0; squama with 7-11 setae. ..... ............................................................................................................................... P. (Pe.) wittei (Freeman)

- Abdominal tergites uniformly brown; AR 0.5–0.9; squama with 2–3 setae. P. (Pe.) nodosum (Johannsen)

41. Both mid and hind tibia bear 2 combs; AR about 0.9. ..................... P. (Pe.) daitokeleum (Sasa et Suzuki)

- Only one comb on midtibia; AR about 1.3. .................................................. P. (Pe.) tissamaharense sp. n.

42. Tergite IX with 15–25 median setae; anal tergite band fused basal to median setae; inferior volsella with 1–2 apical setae. ...................................................................................................................................... 43

- Tergite IX with 8–13 median setae; anal tergite band weak, not fused basal to median setae except in P. (Pe.) camposense ; inferior volsella with 1 apical seta. ............................................................................ 46

43. Inferior volsella with 2 apical setae; scutellum with 6–11 setae. ............................................................. 44

- Inferior volsella with 1 apical seta; scutellum with 14–27 setae.............................................................. 45

44. Squama with 9–24 setae; AR 1.5–1.6; 11 scutellars; superior volsella with 4–5 inner setae ( Fig. 15I). .... .......................................................................................................... P. (Pe.) tusimaefeum (Sasa et Suzuki)

- Squama with 4 setae; AR 1.2; 6 scutellars; anal point with V-shaped ridge at base, slightly swollen apically; superior volsella with 3 inner setae ( Fig.35D). ................................... P. (Pe.) tenuis Zhang et Wang

45. AR about 1.9; tergite IX with 25 median setae; 49 dorsocentrals; 15 prealars; inferior volsella nearly parallel-sided. ...................................................................................... P. (Pe.) pseudosordens Zhang et Wang

- AR about 0.5; tergite IX with 15 median setae; 31–33 dorsocentrals; 6–7 prealars; inferior volsella apically clubbed ( Fig. 12H). .................................................................................... P. (Pe.) esakii (Tokunaga)

46. Cell m basal of RM with 4 setae; apical seta of inferior volsella prominent, reaching apex of gonostylus ( Fig. 12A). .......................................................................................................... P. (Pe.) camposense sp. n.

- Cell m basal of RM with 13–61 setae; apical seta of inferior volsella less prominent, not reaching apex of gonostylus................................................................................................................................................. 47

47. Inferior volsella long, reaching beyond anal point; anal point parallel-sided ( Fig. 39C) ........................... ................................................................................................................ P. (Pe.) uncinatum (Goetghebuer)

- Inferior volsella not reaching beyond anal point; anal point spatulate ( Fig. 27F) P. (Pe.) nubens Edwards