Callitriche sonderi Hegelmaier (1867: 18

Lansdown, Richard V., 2022, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae, Callitricheae) in Australasia and Oceania, Phytotaxa 547 (3), pp. 243-284 : 270-271

19. Callitriche sonderi Hegelmaier (1867: 18 , fig. 11–14).

Type: — AUSTRALIA. VICTORIA. “in paludibus prope Station peak Austr. felix. s. dat., F. Mueller s.n. (holotype: STU 83918; isotype: MEL 2289177) .

Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves unknown, expanded submerged or floating leaves unknown, leaves of terrestrial plants linear-obovate, 0.8–1.7 mm long × 0.4–0.7 mm wide, 3-nerved, sometimes with 2 short free veins arising from the midrib, petiole 0.8–1.0 mm long. Most axils contain one ♂ and one ♀ flower. Bracts narrowly triangular to linear 0.2–0.3 mm long. Styles erect, persistent, 0.1–0.3 mm long. Filament arising from peduncle, erect, 0.4–1 mm long; anthers trilocular, 0.1–0.5 mm long; pollen yellow. Fruit distinctly strumose, subsessile, wider than high, dark brown when mature, 0.5–0.6 mm long × 0.7–0.8 mm wide, narrowly winged throughout.

Illustrations: — Figures 2 (a–d) and 2A(a–b) in Mason (1959); figures 1A–C in Orchard (1980); plates 2(A–D) and 3(1–2) in Schotsman (1985c). Fig. 10i .

Recognition: — C. sonderi can be distinguished from all other Callitriche species in the region by the small fruit which when mature are narrowly-winged, blackish, ± isodiametric or wider than high and clearly flat with a prominent struma. It most closely resembles C. capricorni which differs in the convex face of the fruit which are not strumose.

Distribution: — C. sonderi is endemic to Australia south of latitude 25°S ( Mason 1959), where it is widespread in southern Queensland, much of New South Wales and Victoria ( Bean 2007) ( Fig. 16 ). It has also been recorded from South Australia but only from Cordillo Downs in the far northeast and from the floodplains of the River Murray near Loxton and Berri ( Orchard 1980). In Tasmania it is known only from the Sea Elephant River, King Island.

Habitats and Ecology: — Callitriche sonderi typically grows on clays ranging from grey to orange or red-brown, as well as silt, sandy soils and less often on bare sand or on rich, organic black soils. It is most frequent on the draw-down zone or margins of lakes, lagoons, rivers, creeks, billabongs, reservoirs and other wetlands, as well as on seepages, floodplains, river bars, shallow pans on bedrock, swamps, damp areas beside roads and on bare soil in woodland where humidity remains high. It often occurs within or adjacent to woodland, typically dominated by species such as Eucalyptus camaldulensis , E. crebra F.Muell. (1858: 87) and E. tereticornis Sm. (1795: 41) more or less throughout its range, with Acacia stenophylla A.Cunn. ex Benth. (1842: 366) , Eucalyptus coolabah Blakely & Jacobs (1934: 245) and Melaleuca trichostachya Lindl. (1848: 277) more often in the north, Angophora floribunda Sweet (1830: 248) , Eucalyptus chloroclada (Blakely) L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill (1988: 508) , E. conica Deane & Maiden (1900: 612) , E. largiflorens F.Muell. (1855: 34) and Muehlenbeckia florulenta in inland areas, Callitris glaucophylla Joy Thomps. & L.A.S.Johnson (1986: 731) in the south and with Melaleuca ericifolia Sm. (1797: 276) in Tasmania. It has been recorded with a range of species, varying from wetland plants such as Alternanthera denticulata R.Br. (1810: 417) , Ammannia multiflora Roxb. (1820: 447) , Diplachne fusca (von Linné) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. (1817: 615) , Elatine gratioloides A.Cunn. (1839: 26) , Eleocharis pusilla R.Br. (1810: 225) , Limosella australis R.Br. (1810: 443) , Marsilea hirsuta R.Br. (1810: 167) , Myriophyllum simulans Orchard (1985: 203) , M. verrucosum Lindl. (1848: 384) , Nymphoides crenata Kuntze (1891: 429) , Pseudoraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Vickery (1952: 69) , Ranunculus rivularis Spreng. (1807: 43) and Triglochin calcitrapum Hook. (1844b: 731) and plants more typical of areas which are at most damp, such as Centipeda minima (von Linné) A.Braun & Asch. (1867: 6) , Glinus oppositifolius Aug. DC. (1901: 559) , Goodenia gracilis R.Br. (1810: 575) , Gratiola pedunculata R.Br. (1810: 435) , Persicaria prostrata (R.Br.) Soják (1974: 154) , Poa annua von Linné (1753: 68) , Sclerolaena intricata (R.H.Anderson) A.J. Scott (1978: 113) , Sphaeromorphaea australis (Less.) Kitam. (1937: 80) , Stellaria media and Stemodia florulenta W.R. Barker (1990: 90) as well as with Callitriche deflexa in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. 10–1218 m elevation.

Conservation Status: — Callitriche sonderi is classed as Least Concern (IUCN) as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. It is classed as Near Threatened in the states of South Australia (National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972) and Tasmania (Threatened Species Protection Act 1995: Rare species: June 2019 list).

Notes: — C. capricorni was reduced to synonymy under C. sonderi , however the differences between the two species are more than sufficient to justify their retention as separate species (see under C. capricorni above).

Selected specimens examined:— AUSTRALIA: NEW SOUTH WALES. Montagu Island , 31 October 1988 , P. C. Heyligers 88202 ( CANB 472117 ); Montague Island , 12 April 1973 , L. G. Adams 3172 ( CANB 381761 ); Louth, 21 September 1978 , C. W. E. Moore 7921 ( CANB 275618 ), 26 January 2007 , R. W. Pudie 6328 ( CANB 749092.1 ); Cunnabuncha Waterhole, 26 July 1997 , R. W. Purdle 4484 ( CANB 9711319.1 ); Gemmana, 10 September 1978 , C. W. E. Moore 7771 ( CANB 275619 ); Bourke, October 1883 , E. Betche s.n. ( MEL 2241800 ); Lake Cobham , September 1887 , W. Bäuerlen s.n. ( MEL 2241798 ); Lake Cobham , s.d ., W. Bäuerlen s.n. ( MEL 2241799 ); Waibar, 18 September 1891 , C. W. E. Moore 8120 ( CANB 336519 ); Kosciuszko National Park , 26 Jan 2006 , R. W Purdie 6328 ( CANB 749092.1 ); Brewarrina, 21 August 1979 , K. Paijmans 3200 ( CANB 286089 ); Mulgowan Station , 27 September 1981 , H. Eichler 22832 ( CANB 747438 ); “Bundycoola” Cobar, 20 August 1973 , G. M. Cunningham 853 ( CANB 00729996 ) . QUEENSLAND. Chinchilla , 13 June 1981 , M. G. Lithgow 746 ( BRI AQ348105); Rolleston, 3 September 1983 , H. I. Aston 2477 ( MEL 659248 ); Danbulla National Park , 25 January 2007 , K. R. McDonald KRM60348 , B. G. Jamieson & S. Jamieson ( BRI AQ861758 ); Atherton, 21 April 2002 , A. R. Bean 18783 ( BRI AQ556328); Lake Victoria , 17 September 1999 , A. R. Bean 15410 ( BRI AQ677868, MEL 298615 ); Mitchell, 11 September 2005 , A. R. Bean 23489 ( BRI AQ725689); Warrego, 1973 , J. D. Pike s.n. ( BRI AQ13188 ); Rolleston, 3 September 1983 , H. I. Aston 2477 ( BRI AQ460187); Boondandilla State Forest , 6 September 1997 , A. R. Bean 12386 ( BRI AQ657506, CANB 529791 , MEL 270252 ); Bollon, 156 m, 27 August 2006 , A. R. Bean 25522 ( BRI AQ617764); Texas Lagoon, 11 September 2001 , A. R. Bean 17918 ( BRI AQ551139); Enngonia, September 2004 A. R. Bean 23130 ( BRI AQ613742); Enngonia, 17 September 2004 , A. R. Bean 23057 ( BRI AQ613741); Langlo River , 20 September 2005 , D. A. Halford Q 8593 ( BRI AQ617086); Mungallala, 2 May 2002 , A. R. Bean 19022 ( BRI AQ557741); Cunnamulla, 18 September 2004 , A. R. Bean 23150 ( BRI AQ613740); The Glebe Station , 24 October 1996 , D. Halford Q 3224 & R. Dowling ( BRI AQ653901); Springsure, 13 September 1999 , A. R. Bean 15346 ( BRI AQ67767 ); Cadarga, 5 September 1997 , A. R. Bean 12362 ( BRI AQ657497, MEL 270249 , NSW 468445 ); Idalia National Park , 6 July 2009 , R. J. Fensham 5953 ( BRI AQ749996); Springsure, 13 September 1999 , A. R. Bean 15346 ( BRI AQ677867); Lake Broadwater , 9 August 2008 , M. B. Thomas MBT3727 ( BRI AQ840387 ). SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Murtho Park Homestead, 15 September 1979 , W. R. Barker 3978 & R. M. Barker ( AD 97948329 , MEL 268391 ); Mullinger’s Swamp Conservation Park, 6 April 1996 , D. E. Murfet 2381 & K. M. Alcock ( AD 171130 ); Comaum Forest , 25 December 2002 , D. E. Murfet 4286 ( AD 141450 ); 1 January 1970 , K. M. Alcock s.n. ( AD 97041044 ); Blanchetown, 15 March 1997 , R. J. Bates 46586 ( AD 99909009 ); Upper Murray Mallee , 11 April 1956 , H. Eichler s.n. ( AD 95708098 ); Murray, 15 May 1989 , R. Bates 18441 & B. Spooner ( AD 98922291 ); Bunyip Reach, 14 September 1979 , J. S. Womersley 530 & D. E. Symon ( AD 97950139 ); Morgan, 21 November 1964 , H. Eichler 18052 ( AD 96649079 ); Nelwood Homestead, 12 September 1979 , W. R. Barker 3822 & R. M. Barker ( AD 99308047 ); Katarapko Island , 15 March 1993 , R. J. Bates 31666 ( AD 99423166 ); Pilby Creek , 20 August 2000 , M. Siebentritt 6 ( AD 109430 ); Lake Eyre , 7 July 1997 , R. Bates 47432 ( AD 99915133 ); Lake Eyre , 8 July 1997 , R. Bates 47834 ( AD 99917252 ); Cooper Creek , 25 July 1987 , J. Reid 958 ( AD 98734055 ); Mabel Creek Homestead, 20 September 1963 , H. Eichler 76712 ( AD 96447034 ); Mount Willoughby Homestead , 28 September 1998 , R. Bates 5107B ( AD 101159 ); TASMANIA. Sea Elephant River, King Island , 7 January 1979 , D. I. Morris 7950 ( MEL 1506952 , HO 29222 ). VICTORIA. Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 9 May 2003 , V. Stajsic 3322 ( MEL 2182997 , NSW); Royal Botanic Gardens, 9 May 2003 , V. Stajsic 3321 ( MEL 2182996 , NSW); Royal Botanic Gardens, 12 May 2003 , V. Stajsic 3320 ( MEL 2182995 ); Royal Botanic Gardens, 21 November 2002 , V. Stajsic 3122 ( MEL 2162636 ); Neds Corner Station , 30 November 2011 , D. E. Albrecht 13944 , V. Stajsic & A. Messina ( MEL 2356927 ); Crawford River Regional Park, 31 March 1985 , A. C. Beauglehole 79137 ( MEL 717718 ); Echuca Regional Park, September 1985 , A. C. Beauglehole 80264 ( MEL 717717 ); Hattah Lakes National Park , October 1948 , A. C. Beauglehole 1123 ( MEL 2241802 ); Echuca Regional Park, 9 September 1985 , A. C. Beauglehole 80263 ( MEL 2109973 ); Chiltern Box - Ironbark National Park , 5 August 2001 , N. G. Walsh 5359 ( MEL 2193427 ); Lake Glenmaggie , 28 April 1985 , A. C. Beauglehole 79407 ( MEL 717719 ); Edenhope, 11 March 1975 , A. C. Beauglehole 49703 ( MEL 1506953 ); Reader s.n. ” ( MEL 1518337 ); Kukyne National Forest , 6 September 1941 , J. H. Willis s.n. ( MEL 2241778 ); Hattah-Kukyne National Park , 3 October 1982 , D. C. Cheal s.n. ( MEL 615334 ); Kulkune National Forest , December 1941 , J. H. Willis ( MEL 2241803 ); Mildura, Sept. 1912 , J. M. M. ex Herb . H. B. Williamson s.n. ( MEL 2241805 ); Ryans Swamp, 25 March 2012 , V. Stajsic, 6291 & J. Eichler ( MEL 2360544 ); Cobram Regional Park, 16 November 1985 , A. C. Beauglehole 82025 ( MEL 2299319 ); Mullinger Swamp Wildlife Reserve , 13 March 1984 , A. C. Beauglehole ]76504 ( MEL 1602800 ); Redcliff, 18 January 1982 , J. H. Brone 105 ( MEL 606573 ); Hattah Lakes National Park , 12 September 1969 , G. W. Anderson s.n. ( MEL 2241777 ); Barmah State Park , 28 September 1985 , A. C. Beauglehole 81287 ( MEL 717638 ); Mount Black Flora Reserve , 3 May 1981 , A. C. Beauglehole 68918 ( MEL 597287 ); Cobram Regional Park, 27 September 1985 , A. C. Beauglehole 81075 ( MEL 2109975 ); Lower Darling River , 1888 , C. E. Holdinh s.n. ( MEL 2241801 ); Lake Moodemere , 19 December 1959 , J. H. Willis s.n. ( MEL 2241804 ); Mildura, Victoria, September 1912 , H. B. Williamson 832/16 ( NSW 33819); Bourke, [name illegible], September 1883 ( NSW 33817) ; Nathalia , 7 May 1969 , H. I. Aston 1763 ( NSW 674133 ); Lake Powell , 3 May 1977 , A. C. Beauglehole 56088 ( MEL 525300 ); Lake Hattah , September 19[?] , H. B. W[illiamson] 1442 ( MEL 2241808 , MEL 2241776 ); Snowy River area , 3 December 1970 , A. C. Beauglehole 35117 ( MEL 2241775 ); Murray Mallee District , 34° 43’ 33” S, 143° 07’ 08” E, 10 September 2009 , J. N. McFarlane 3188 ( MEL 2325794 ); Murray Mallee District , 34° 43’ 33” S, 143° 07’ 08” E, 10 September 2009 , J. N. McFarlane 3177 ( MEL 232579 ) .

Figures

FIGURE 2. The distribution of confirmed specimens of C. antarctica in Oceania and Australasia

FIGURE 10. Fruits of Callitriche in Oceania and Australasia: a—C. heterophylla, b—C. insularis, c—C. muelleri, d—C. palustris, e—C. papuana, f—C. peploides, g—C. petriei, h—C. platycarpa, i—C. sonderi, j—C. stagnalis, k—C. umbonata.

FIGURE 16. The distribution of records of C. sonderi based on records held by AVH