Arsenurinae

De, Amabílio J. A., Mielke, Olaf H. H. & Casagrande, Mirna M., 2009, Cladistic analysis of the subfamily Arsenurinae (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) based on adult morphology, Zootaxa 2218, pp. 1-34 : 25-26

Subfamily Arsenurinae as a monophyletic group

The analysis resulted in a single cladogram (L=76; Ci=98; Ri=99), with previously published taxonomic groupings in the subfamily Arsenurinae (tribes and genera) appearing as monophyletic, corroborating Lemaire (1980). Arsenurinae is therefore reconfirmed as monophyletic, with few homoplasies and several strong synapomorphies for included groupings ( Figs. 1-2 ): long and rounded forewings that show a curved, linear or tapered apex (character 6); cellular spots that appears within the subfamily as irregular and discrete dark spots (e.g., Dysdaemonia ), more evident (e.g., Copiopteryx ), like a trace (e.g., Arsenura and Caio ) or even a dark macula circling the hyaline spot (e.g., Titaea ) (character 15); the presence of tarsal spines (character 29); transtilla with varied states (character 36); and lateral arms of the gnathos generally slightly sclerotized and of reduced size (character 38).

Jackknife analysis resulted in 102 equally parsimonious trees presenting different topologies (L=79; Ci=94; Ri=98). The strict consensus tree of 100 Jackknife replications is given in Fig. 3 . When Jackknife or Bootstrap values are low, it generally indicates the clade is supported by few characters, by homoplasies or a combination of both. According to Regier et al. (2002) a clade that presents a value higher than 80% is a strongly supported clade. The results show that the subfamily presents a 90% supported clade.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Cladogram showing proposed relationship of genera of Arsenurinae and Acctran optimization (L = 76; Ci = 98; Ri = 99). Filled circles are synapomorphies, open circles homoplasies. Numbers above the branches indicate the character, numbers below are the states for each.

FIGURE 2. Relationship of genera of Arsenurinae with unambiguous optimization (L = 76; Ci = 98; Ri = 99). Filled circles are synapomorphies, open circles homoplasies. Numbers above the branches indicate the character, numbers below are the states for each.

FIGURE 3. Strict consensus tree of 100 Jackknife replications based on 40 adult morphological characters. Values represent the frequency (%) that a clade was found in the replications.