Fractonotus verrucosus ( Richters, 1900 ) Gąsiorek & Morek & Stec & Blagden & Michalczyk, 2019

Gąsiorek, Piotr, Morek, Witold, Stec, Daniel, Blagden, Brian & Michalczyk, Łukasz, 2019, Revisiting Calohypsibiidae and Microhypsibiidae: Fractonotus Pilato, 1998 and its phylogenetic position within Isohypsibiidae (Eutardigrada: Parachela), Zoosystema 41 (6), pp. 71-89 : 77-82

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.5252/zoosystema2019v41a6

publication LSID

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DFA10280-A151-4D35-880D-E3580E9D55B9

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3720106

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E4C879D-ED7D-3137-C4A5-1658FAEF8E95

treatment provided by

Felipe

scientific name

Fractonotus verrucosus ( Richters, 1900 )
status

comb. nov.

Fractonotus verrucosus ( Richters, 1900) n. comb.

Macrobiotus ornatus var. verrucosus Richters, 1900: 41 (terra typica: Taunus, Germany).

Macrobiotus scabrosus Murray, 1911: 10 (locus typicus: Clare Island, Ireland).

Hypsibius verrucosus – Thulin 1911: 29 (Kiruna, Lapland, Sweden). — Marcus 1928: 180 (Vannsee, Berlin, Germany). — Cuénot 1932: 77 (the Vosges, France and Switzerland). — da Cunha 1947, 1948: 6, 2 (Serra d’Arga, Serra do Buçaco, Serra da Estrela, Serra da Lousã, Portugal).

Calohypsibius verrucosus View in CoL – Thulin 1928: 239 (Sweden).

Calohypsibius scabrosus Thulin, 1928: 239 (Sweden) .

Hypsibius scabrosus Cuénot, 1932: 77 (the Vosges, France and Switzerland). — da Cunha 1947, 1948: 6, 2 (Serra d’Arga, Serra do Buçaco, Serra da Estrela, Serra da Lousã, Portugal).

Hypsibius (Calohypsibius) verrucosus – Marcus 1936: 285 (Schwarzwald, Germany). — Franceschi 1951 -1952: 12 (Val Camonica, Italy). — Mihelčič 1953: 247 (Tirol, Austria). — Fontoura 1981: 18 (Viseu, Arga, Amarante, Portugal).

Hypsibius placophorus da Cunha, 1943: 1 (locus typicus: Cabril do Ceira, Portugal); 1947, 1948: 2, 2 (Serra d’Arga, Serra do Buçaco, Serra da Estrela, Serra da Lousã, Portugal) n. syn.

LOCALITIES. — Scotland. Creag Meagaidh (56°57’10’’ N, 4°30’35’’ W; 291 m a.s.l.; collection date: 1.X.2014), lichens from moorland rocks GoogleMaps ; Scotland, Hebrides, Isle of Lewis, Loch nan Muilne (58°21’08’’ N, 6°35’14’’ W; 27 m a.s.l.; collection date: 29.VII.2015), moss and lichen mix from stones on the lakeshores GoogleMaps ; Invermoriston, Loch Ness (57°12’39’’ N, 4°35’59’’ W; 20 m a.s.l.; 25.X.2015; Brian Blagden leg.), moss and lichen mix from stones on the lakeshores GoogleMaps .

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 23 individuals, UJ (19 specimens, including one simplex, on slides GB.005.03-12, GB.008.01-3, GB.028.01- 2 and 4 specimens on two SEM stubs) ; 2 individuals, MNHN (slides GB.005.01-2) ; 3 individuals, NHMD (slides GB.008.04- 5) ; 2 individuals, UAM (slides GB.028.03-4) ; 1 individual, CU (slide GB.028.02) .

ETYMOLOGY (NOT PROVIDED IN THE ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION). — The name most likely refers to the rugged cuticular surface of the species (from Latin verruca = wart).

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. — Fractonotus verrucosus n. comb. can be distinguished from F. caelatus and F. gilvus n. comb. ( Fig. 2A, B View FIG ) by the presence of plaques (absent in the latter species). It also differs from F. gilvus n. comb. by shorter, stouter claws (anterior and posterior primary branches 4.1-6.4 μm [N=10] and 4.3-7.4 μm long [N=18], respectively, in Fractonotus verrucosus n. comb. vs 7.0- 13.0 μm [N=21] and 10.5-16.5 μm long [N=21], respectively, in F. gilvus n. comb.; compare Fig. 11 View FIG A-D).

INTEGRATIVE DESCRIPTION

Animals (see Table 3 View TABLE for measurements)

Body stubby, typically slightly rose in live animals, transparent in mounted specimens. Dorsum strongly sculptured from the first instar, although with substantial ontogenetic quantitative and qualitative variability in this trait ( Fig. 1 View FIG A- F). Juveniles with ten transverse bands of numerous tu- bercles that increase in size towards the caudal end of the body, but fully formed plaques never present, legs covered with fine tubercles ( Fig. 1A View FIG ). All ten bands not always easily identifiable under PCM in juveniles. In young adults, plaques present in bands 6-10, with the most prominent plaques in bands 8-10 ( Fig. 1B View FIG ). In older adults, smooth spaces between the transverse bands becoming narrow and sometimes merge into larger areas ( Fig. 1 View FIG C-F). Plaques larger and more numerous than in young adults, and typically developping in bands 4-10, but the most evident plaques present in the caudal part of the body ( Fig.1 View FIG C-F). Tubercles more or less round or oval ( Figs 3A, B View FIG ; 5A, B View FIG ), gradually increasing in size from juveniles to adults, and becoming scabrous with age (compare Figs 1 View FIG A-F; 5A, B). Plaques, on the other hand, typically smooth and only sometimes slightly rough ( Fig. 5C, D View FIG , arrowheads); under stereomicroscope strongly opalescent. Plaques arranged symmetrically in respect to the longitudinal body axis, although deviations

A

from symmetry are not rare ( Fig. 1C, D View FIG ). In adults, seven pairs of central plaques and four lateral plaque pairs. Central plaques triangular in shape, with their apices directed laterally and outwards. In rows where only central plaques are present, plaques slimmer and longer than in rows with lateral plaques. Central plaques present in bands aligned with legs I-III as well as in bands between those legs. First three pairs of lateral plaques in line with legs I-III and the last pair of double lateral plaques situated between legs III and IV ( Fig. 1E View FIG ). Plaque configuration VII:4-2-4-2-4-2-6. Cephalic elliptical organs present but not easy to identify, given the rich cuticular sculpturing ( Fig. 7A View FIG ). Eyes absent in live animals.

Buccal apparatus of the Fractonotus - type ( Fig. 7B, C, E View FIG ), i.e. with a long ventral AISM, and the dorsal AISM subdivided into the proximal, weakly developed thickening, and the distal, small blunt hook ( Fig. 9A View FIG ). Mouth opening surrounded by six large and soft peribuccal lobes (visible only under SEM, Fig. 6A View FIG ). Oral cavity armature, visible only under SEM, consisting of a single row of minute conical teeth located on the ring fold ( Fig. 8A View FIG ). Two distinct porous areas on the lateral sides of the buccal crown are visible in SEM only ( Fig. 8B View FIG ). Stylet furcae of the modified Hypsibius shape, i.e. with very broad and trapezoid bases, thick arms and rounded apices ( Figs 7B View FIG , 8D View FIG , 10A View FIG ). Buccal tube with slight lateral thickenings posterior to the stylets supports ( Figs 7B, C, E View FIG ; 8C View FIG ). Round bulbus with large pharyngeal apophyses (almost as large as the placoids), and two granular macroplacoids ( Figs 7B, C, E View FIG ; 8E, F View FIG ). In PCM, macroplacoids without constrictions, however slight central constrictions in both macroplacoids detectable under SEM ( Fig. 8E, F View FIG ).

Claws of the modified Isohypsibius - type ( Figs 11 View FIG A-C; 12A, B). Specifically, claw bases triangular, especially pronounced in claws IV ( Figs 11C View FIG , 12B View FIG ). Claw branches V-shaped, elongated and strongly curved. Apparent accessory points on the primary branches ( Figs 11 View FIG A-C; 12A, B). Weakly developed pseudolunulae present, particularly visible under the internal and anterior claws ( Fig. 11A, C View FIG ). Claw septa and cuticular bars on legs absent.

Eggs

Roundish and smooth, deposited in exuviae (up to two eggs per exuvia recorded).

MOLECULAR MARKERS

The sequences for all DNA markers were of a good quality. The sequenced fragments were of the following lengths: 1.727 bp (18S rRNA; MG800855 View Materials ), 819 bp (28S rRNA; MG800856 View Materials ), and 499 bp (ITS-2; MG800857 View Materials ). All markers, including the specimen without cuticular plaques, were represented by single haplotypes. The p-distances between 18S haplotypes of all available isohypsibioid species and Fractonotus verrucosus n. comb. ranged from 2.0% ( I. prosostomus Thulin, 1928 , EF620404 View Materials from Denmark) to 7.1% ( Hexapodibius micronyx Pilato, 1969 , HQ604915 View Materials from Italy), with an average distance of 5.2%. As our 28S rRNA primers obtain a different gene fragment to the one sequenced by previous authors, comparisons of this gene were not possible. Matrices with p-distances are provided in the Supplementary Material 2.

REMARKS

The vast part of the Richters Collection has been lost, thus the type material (if ever existed) is not available for examination. Moreover, no specimens from Germany were examined in this study, therefore the neotype series is not established. Hence, until the redescription from the terra typica in Germany is available, we propose to consider the description of the Scottish specimens only as the current perception of the species.

PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF FRACTONOTUS AMONG OTHER ISOHYPSIBIIDAE

Both Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood methods unreservedly located Fractonotus within Isohypsibioidea ( Fig. 13 View FIG ), thus corroborating the phenotypic analysis (see above). The genus Isohypsibius s.s. (i.e. I. prosostomus and its closest relatives) appears paraphyletic with respect to Fractonotus . However, in general, all isohypsibioid lineages clearly remain in polytomy, with only the occasional sound Bayesian posterior probabilities characterising clades with morphologically similar taxa. Therefore, the exact relationships between different isohypsibioid clades remain unsolved.

MNHN

France, Paris, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle

NHMD

NHMD

UAM

USA, Alaska, Fairbanks, University of Alaska Museum, Entomology Collection

CU

USA, New York, Ithaca, Cornell University

UAM

University of Alaska Museum

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Tardigrada

Class

Eutardigrada

Order

Parachela

Family

Microhypsibiidae

Genus

Fractonotus

Loc

Fractonotus verrucosus ( Richters, 1900 )

Gąsiorek, Piotr, Morek, Witold, Stec, Daniel, Blagden, Brian & Michalczyk, Łukasz 2019
2019
Loc

Hypsibius placophorus

CUNHA A. X. & DA 1943: 1
1943
Loc

Hypsibius (Calohypsibius) verrucosus

FONTOURA A. P. 1981: 18
MIHELCIC F. 1953: 247
MARCUS E. 1936: 285
1936
Loc

Hypsibius scabrosus Cuénot, 1932: 77

CUNHA A. X. & DA 1948: 6
CUENOT L. 1932: 77
1932
Loc

Calohypsibius verrucosus

THULIN G. 1928: 239
1928
Loc

Calohypsibius scabrosus

THULIN G. 1928: 239
1928
Loc

Macrobiotus scabrosus

MURRAY J. 1911: 10
1911
Loc

Hypsibius verrucosus

CUNHA A. X. & DA 1948: 6
CUENOT L. 1932: 77
MARCUS E. 1928: 180
THULIN G. 1911: 29
1911
Loc

Macrobiotus ornatus var. verrucosus

RICHTERS F. 1900: 41
1900
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