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Sahyadrimetrus scaber (Thorell, 1876), 2020

Prendini, Lorenzo & Loria, Stephanie F., 2020, Systematic Revision Of The Asian Forest Scorpions (Heterometrinae Simon, 1879), Revised Suprageneric Classification Of Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802, And Revalidation Of Rugodentidae Bastawade Et Al., 2005, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (442), pp. 1-480 : 357-361

publication ID

 https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.442.1.1

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E6CB374-FE95-6C61-FF0C-644BFB4ADB89

treatment provided by

Felipe (2021-08-30 19:46:52, last updated 2024-07-19 09:36:41)

scientific name

 Sahyadrimetrus scaber (Thorell, 1876)
status

comb. nov.

Sahyadrimetrus scaber (Thorell, 1876) View in CoL ,

comb. nov.

Figures 10 View FIGURE 10 , 26E, F View FIGURE 26 , 40E, F View FIGURE 40 , 55I–L View FIGURE 55 , 73E View FIGURE 73 , 74E View FIGURE 74 , 75E View FIGURE 75 , 199 View FIGURE 199 , 216–219, table 1

Buhus (Heterometrus) spinifer: Gervais, 1844a: 60 View in CoL , 61 (part).

Scorpio leioderma Dufour, 1856: 571 , 586, 631, 632; Pocock, 1900a: 99; Couzijn, 1981: 58; Fet, 2000: 448; syn. nov.

Heterometrus afer (nec Scorpio afer Linnaeus, 1758 ): Simon, 1872b: 53, 59, 98–101, pl. VI, fig. 1 (part); Couzijn, 1981: 145.

Pandinus scaber Thorell, 1876b: 202 ; Simon, 1905: 161; Couzijn, 1981: 144.

Scorpio scaber: Pocock, 1893: 310 , 311 (part); Kraepelin, 1894: 32, 58.

Heterometrus scaber: Kraepelin, 1899: 111 , 116; 1913: 166 (part); Lampe, 1918: 198; Takashima, 1945: 93; Hjelle, 1990: 17, 54, 58 (part); Kovařík, 2004: 1 View Cited Treatment , 35, 37, 38, 51–53, tables 2, 3 (part), fig. 25; 2009: 35, 36, 43, 48, 49, 90, 100, tables 1, 2 (part), figs. 120, 121, 212; Aswathi and Sureshan, 2017: 9847, 9848 (part), figs. 1–3, image 10.

Palamnaeus scaber: Pocock, 1900a: 85 , 93 (part).

Heterometrus (Scorpio) scaber: Kraepelin, 1901: 271 .

Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) scaber: Couzijn, 1981: 170 , fig. 58 (part); Tikader and Bastawade, 1983: 576, 619–625 (part), figs. 1639–1652; Kovařík, 1998: 136; Fet, 2000: 440 (part); Bastawade et al., 2004: 48, 55, 58, figs. 69, 70; Sureshan et al., 2007a: 2907, 2908, fig. 2 (part).

Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) scaber scaber: Couzijn, 1981: 39 , 87, 133, 144–147, 170, 192, table 7, figs. 44, 58 (part); Fet, 2000: 440.

Heterometrus (Heterometrus) malapuramensis Tikader and Bastawade, 1983: 519 , 522, 533–538, figs. 1431–1444 (synonymized by Kovařík, 2004: 1, 35, 38); Biswas, 1984: 320; Kovařík, 1998: 137; Fet, 2000: 436; Indra, 2001: 56, 57; Bastawade et al., 2004: 47, 48, 54, 57, figs. 58–62; Kovařík, 2004: 1, 38 (part); Sureshan et al., 2007a: 2906–2908, fig. 2 (part); Indra, 2009: 142.

Heterometrus (Srilankametrus) indus: Kovařík, 2002: 17 (misidentification, part).

Heterometrus rolciki Kovařík, 2004: 1 View Cited Treatment , 7, 35, 36, 51–53, tables 1–3, fig. 24; 2009: 35, 36, 43, 48, 49, 89, 100, 111, tables 1, 2, figs. 111– 117, 210, 211, 265; syn. nov.

Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) kanaraensis: Indra, 2006: 197 , 199, 200 (misidentification, part).

TYPE MATERIAL: INDIA: Scorpio leioderma : Holotype [depository unknown], Malabar, India. Pandinus scaber : Holotype, “Bengale” [lost]. Kerala: Kozhikode Distr.: Heterometrus (H.) mala-.

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Poomala

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♂

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mathewi

Sahyadrimetrus

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208

FIGURE

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Poomala

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mathewi

Sahyadrimetrus

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209

FIGURE puramensis: Holotype ♂ (ZSI 5104/18), Malapuram [Malappuram, 11°04′N 76°04′E], Poonus estate, 16.vii.1981, K.N. Nair; paratypes: 2 ♂ (ZSI 5106/18–5108/18), same data except: 14.vii.1981; 3 imm. ♂ (ZSI 5106/18–5108/18), Perambra [11°34′N 75°45′E], Chermalai Hills, 18.vii.1981, K.N. Nair; 1 ♀, 29 imm. (ZSI 5109/18), Perumpally [09°10′E 76°27′E], 16.vii.1981, K.N. Nair; 3 imm. ♂ (ZSI 5106/18– 5108/18), Puthupady [Puthuppady, 10°01′N 76°36′E], 14.vii.1981, K.N. Nair. Puducherry: Mahé Distr.: Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) s. scaber : Neotype ♀ (MNHN RS 0098), Mahé [11°42′N 75°32′E], Deschamps [examined]. Tamil Nadu: Nilgiris Distr.: Heterometrus rolciki : Holotype ♂ (FKPC), Nilgiri Hills, 15 km SE of Kotagiri, Kunjappanai env., 11°22′N 76°56′E, ca. 900 m, 7–22.v.2000, J. Rolčík; paratypes: 1 ♂, 1 imm. (FKPC), same data, except: 23–30.v.1999, Z. Kejval and M. Trýzna; 1 ♀, 2 juvs. (FKPC), near Kotagiri [11°26′N 76°53′E], 27.x.1997, Werner.

As discussed by Couzijn (1981: 145, 146), Simon (1872b: 99) described an adult, the sex of which cannot be determined from the description, under the name Heterometrus afer (nec Scorpio afer Linnaeus, 1758 ). Simon (1872b: 99) noted “paraît commun au Bengale” and added a few measurements of the largest specimen. However, according to Couzijn (1981) none of the specimens of H. scaber (i.e., H. afer sensu Simon, 1872 ) that were once part of E. Simon’s personal collection (now deposited in the MNHN) fit these measurements, no corresponding specimens from Bengal are present in the MNHN or other collections, and the type locality is probably erroneous (cf. Pocock, 1900a: 93, fn.). Couzijn (1981) therefore designated an adult female (MNHN RS 0098) from Mahé as neotype. A female was selected as neotype rather than a male, to facilitate comparison with the holotypes of H. s. rugosus and H. s. obscurus which are both female, no male being available at the time.

DIAGNOSIS: Sahyadrimetrus scaber may be separated from other species of Sahyadrimetrus as follows. The carapace is vaulted, the lateral sur- faces sloping steeply (fig. 26E, F), in S. scaber but moderately to markedly dorsoventrally compressed, the lateral surfaces sloping gently, in S. barberi , S. kanarensis , S. rugosus , and S. tikaderi . The carapace mediolateral margins converge markedly posteriorly (at the posterolateral sulci) in S. scaber but diverge or converge slightly posteriorly (at the posterolateral sulci) in S. barberi , S. rugosus , and S. tikaderi . The frontal lobes and medial region of the carapace interocular surface are granular with smooth areas in the male and female (fig. 26E, F) of S. scaber whereas the interocular surface is granular along the median longitudinal and anterior bifurcated sulci only in the male of S. rugosus , and the interocular surface is entirely, uniformly granular in the male and female of S. mathewi . The carapace posterolateral surfaces of the female (fig. 26F) are granular in S. scaber but smooth or nearly so in all other species except S. mathewi . The pedipalps of the adult male are short, with femur length: posterior carapace width ratio (FL:PCW) <0.77 and femur length: carapace length ratio (FL:CL) <0.74 (fig. 216A, B) in S. scaber but long, with FL:PCW ≥ 0.80 and FL:CL ≥ 0.76 in S. mathewi and S. rugosus . The pedipalp patella dorsomedian carina of the female is absent or obsolete in S. scaber but entirely to predominantly granular in S. rugosus . The patella retrodorsal carina of the female is present and as strongly developed as or more strongly developed than the retromedian carinae, which are absent or obsolete in S. scaber , whereas the retrodorsal carina of the female is absent or obsolete, and the retromedian carinae present and granular in S. barberi , S. rugosus , and S. tikaderi . The patella dorsal, retrodorsal, and retroventral intercarinal surfaces of the female are smooth or nearly so in S. scaber but granular in S. rugosus . The maximum distance between the dorsomedian and dorsal secondary carinae (DMC–DSC) of the pedipalp chela manus is similar to the maximum distance between the dorsal secondary and digital carinae (DSC–DC) in the male (fig. 218) of S. scaber but less than the DSC–DC in the male of S. mathewi , S. rugosus , and S. tikaderi . The chela manus dorsal surface of the female (fig. 219) is smooth to finely granulo-reticulate in S. scaber but smooth or nearly so in S. kanarensis and S. tikaderi . The chela manus retrolateral intercarinal surfaces are granular in the male (fig. 218) and smooth or nearly so in the female (fig. 219) of S. scaber , but smooth or nearly so in the male of S. kanarensis , and granular in the female of S. barberi , S. rugosus , and S. tikaderi . Macroseta st is setiform on the retroventral surfaces of the basitarsi of legs I and II and spiniform on leg III (fig. 55I–L) in S. scaber but spiniform on the retroventral surfaces of the basitarsi of legs I–III in S. barberi , S. rugosus , and S. tikaderi , and setiform on legs I–III in S. kanarensis ; st on the proventral surface of the basitarsus of leg III is setiform in S. scaber but spiniform in S. kanarensis . The mesial surfaces of mesosomal tergites I–VI are granular in the male and the lateral surfaces granular in the female of S. scaber , whereas the mesial surfaces are smooth in the male of S. kanarensis , S. rugosus , and S. tikaderi , and the lateral surfaces smooth in the female of S. rugosus . The ventral intercarinal surfaces of metasomal segment IV are smooth (fig. 75E) in S. scaber but granular in S. tikaderi . The dorsolateral carinae of metasomal segment V are distinct and continuous (fig. 73E) in S. scaber but obsolete and discontinuous to absent in S. barberi .

DISTRIBUTION: This species is endemic to India (fig. 199, table 1), where it has been recorded in the states of Goa, Karnataka, Kerala,

Aswathi, K., and P. M. Sureshan. 2017. Additions to the scorpion fauna (Arachnida: Scorpiones) of Kerala, India, with an illustrated key to the genera. Journal of Threatened Taxa 9: 9844 - 9850.

Bastawade, D. B., P. M. Sureshan, and C. Radhakrishnan. 2004. An illustrated key to the identification of scorpions (Scorpionida: Arachnida) of Kerala and notes on some interesting new records. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 103: 43 - 58.

Biswas, A. T. 1984. Scorpions (Scorpiones). In Fauna of Rajaji National Park. Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Conservation Areas 5: 317 - 323.

Couzijn, H. W. C. 1981. Revision of the genus Heterometrus. Zoologische Verhandelingen 184: 1 - 196.

Dufour, L. 1856. Histoire anatomique et physiologique des scorpions. Memoires Presentes par Divers Savants a l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut Imperial de France 14: 561 - 653.

Fet, V. 2000. Family Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802. In V. Fet, W. D. Sissom, G. Lowe, and M. E. Braunwalder, Catalog of the scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998): 427 - 486. New York: New York Entomological Society.

Gervais, P. M. 1844 a. Scorpions. In C. A. Walckenaer (editor), Histoire naturelle des insectes. Apetres. 3: 14 - 74. Paris: Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret.

Hjelle, J. T. 1990. Anatomy and morphology. In G. A. Polis (editor), The biology of scorpions: 9 - 63. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Indra, T. J. 2001. Scorpion. In Fauna of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Conservation Area Series II: 55 - 58.

Indra, T. J. 2006. Scorpion. In Fauna of Bilgiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary. Zoological Survey of India, Conservation Area Series 27: 197 - 200.

Indra, T. J. 2009. Scorpionida. In Fauna of Tamil Nadu. Zoological Survey of India, Fauna Series 17: 141 - 143.

Kovarik, F. 1998. Stiri [Scorpions]. Jihlava, Czech Republic: Madagaskar, 176 pp. [in Czech]

Kovarik, F. 2002. A checklist of scorpions (Arachnida) in the collection of the Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Serket 8: 1 - 23.

Kovarik, F. 2004. A review of the genus Heterometrus Ehrenberg, 1828, with descriptions of seven new species (Scorpiones, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 15: 1 - 60.

Kraepelin, K. 1894. Revision der Skorpione. II. Scorpionidae und Bothriuridae. Beiheft zum Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 11: 1 - 248.

Kraepelin, K. 1899. Scorpiones und Pedipalpi. In F. Dahl (editor), Das Tierreich, 8 (Arachnoidea): 1 - 265. Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft. Berlin: R. Friedlander und Sohn Verlag.

Kraepelin, K. 1901. Catalogue des scorpions des collections du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 7: 265 - 274.

Lampe, E. 1918. Katalog der Skorpione, Pedipalpen und Solifugen des Naturhistorischen Museums der Residenzstadt Wiesbaden. Jahrbucher des Nassauischen Vereins fur Naturkunde 70: 185 - 203.

Linnaeus, C. (C. von Linne). 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, loci. Ed. 10. 1: 1 - 821. [Scorpiones: pp. 624, 625.] Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii.

Pocock, R. I. 1893. Report upon a small collection of scorpions sent to the British Museum by Mr. Edgar Thurston, of the Government Central Museum, Madras. Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 7: 295 - 312.

Pocock, R. I. 1900 a. Arachnida. In W. T. Blandford (editor), The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. London: Taylor and Francis, 279 pp.

Simon, E. 1872 b. Etudes sur les scorpions. Revision des Heterometrus du groupe de l' H. afer, L. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquee 23: 51 - 59; 97 - 101.

Simon, E. 1905. Voyage de M. Maurice Maindron dans l'Inde meridionale. Arachnides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 74: 160 - 180.

Sureshan, P. M., D. B. Bastawade, and C. Radhakrishnan. 2007 a. Taxonomic studies on a collection of scorpions (Scorpiones: Arachnida) from Western Ghats in Kerala, India with two new distribution records. Zoos' Print Journal 22: 2903 - 2908.

Takashima, H. 1945. [Scorpions of eastern Asia.] Acta Arachnologica 9: 68 - 106. [in Japanese]

Thorell, T. 1876 b. Etudes Scorpiologiques. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali 19: 75 - 272.

Tikader, B. K., and D. B. Bastawade. 1983. Fauna of India, vol. 3. Scorpions (Scorpionida: Arachnida). Zoological Survey of India. Pune: Sangam Press. 671 pp.

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FIGURE 10. Phylogeny of Asian forest scorpions (Scorpionidae: Heterometrinae Simon, 1879, stat. nov.), obtained by simultaneous phylogenetic analysis of 186 morphological characters and 4188 aligned DNA nucleotides from three mitochondrial and two nuclear gene loci (Loria and Prendini, in press). Maximum likelihood tree with unambiguous morphological synapomorphies optimized. Black circles indicate uniquely derived apomorphic states, white circles parallel derivations of apomorphic states. Numbers above circles indicate characters, numbers below indicate states (appendix 1).

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FIGURE 26. Sahyadrimetrus, gen. nov., carapace, dorsal aspect. A, B. Sahyadrimetrus kanarensis (Pocock, 1900), comb. nov., A. ♂, B. ♀ (AMNH), Chaudi, India. C, D. Sahyadrimetrus mathewi, gen. et sp. nov., C. holotype ♂, D. paratype ♀ (AMNH), Poomala, India. E, F. Sahyadrimetrus scaber (Thorell, 1876), comb. nov., E. ♂ (AMNH), Nadpalu, India, F.♀ (AMNH), Sitha River, India. Scale bars = 2 mm.

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FIGURE 40. Sahyadrimetrus, gen. nov., sternum and pectines, ventral aspect. A, B. Sahyadrimetrus kanarensis (Pocock, 1900), comb. nov., A. ♂, B. ♀ (AMNH), Chaudi, India. C, D. Sahyadrimetrus mathewi, gen. et sp. nov., C. holotype ♂, D. paratype ♀ (AMNH), Poomala, India. E, F. Sahyadrimetrus scaber (Thorell, 1876), comb. nov., E. ♂ (AMNH), Nadpalu, India, F.♀ (AMNH), Sitha River, India. Scale bars = 2 mm.

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FIGURE 55. Sahyadrimetrus, gen. nov., legs I–IV, tibiae, basitarsi and telotarsi, ventral aspect. A–D. Sahyadrimetrus kanarensis (Pocock, 1900), comb. nov., ♀ (AMNH), Chaudi, India. E–H. Sahyadrimetrus mathewi, gen. et sp. nov., holotype ♂, (AMNH), Poomala, India. I–L. Sahyadrimetrus scaber (Thorell, 1876), comb. nov., ♂ (AMNH), Nadpalu, India. Scale bars = 2 mm.

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FIGURE 73. Sahyadrimetrus, gen. nov., metasoma and telson, dorsal aspect. A. Sahyadrimetrus barberi (Pocock, 1900), comb. nov., holotype ♀ (BMNH 1899.9.24.1), B. Sahyadrimetrus kanarensis (Pocock, 1900), comb. nov., ♀ (AMNH), Chaudi, India. C. Sahyadrimetrus mathewi, sp. nov., holotype ♂ (AMNH), Poomala, India. D. Sahyadrimetrus rugosus (Couzijn, 1981), comb. et stat. nov., ♀ (AMNH), Chaliyar River, India. E. Sahyadrimetrus scaber (Thorell, 1876), comb. nov., ♂ (AMNH), Nadpalu, India. F.Sahyadrimetrus tikaderi, gen. et sp. nov., paratype ♂ (MNHN RS 3266). Scale bars = 5 mm.

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FIGURE 74. Sahyadrimetrus, gen. nov., metasoma and telson, lateral aspect. A. Sahyadrimetrus barberi (Pocock, 1900), comb. nov., holotype ♀ (BMNH 1899.9.24.1), B. Sahyadrimetrus kanarensis (Pocock, 1900), comb. nov., ♀ (AMNH), Chaudi, India. C. Sahyadrimetrus mathewi, sp. nov., holotype ♂ (AMNH), Poomala, India. D. Sahyadrimetrus rugosus (Couzijn, 1981), comb. et stat. nov., ♀ (AMNH), Chaliyar River, India. E. Sahyadrimetrus scaber (Thorell, 1876), comb. nov., ♂ (AMNH), Nadpalu, India. F. Sahyadrimetrus tikaderi, gen. et sp. nov., paratype ♂ (MNHN RS 3266). Scale bars = 5 mm.

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FIGURE 75. Sahyadrimetrus, gen. nov., metasoma and telson, ventral aspect. A. Sahyadrimetrus barberi (Pocock, 1900), comb. nov., holotype ♀ (BMNH 1899.9.24.1), B. Sahyadrimetrus kanarensis (Pocock, 1900), comb. nov., ♀ (AMNH), Chaudi, India. C. Sahyadrimetrus mathewi, sp. nov., holotype ♂ (AMNH), Poomala, India. D. Sahyadrimetrus rugosus (Couzijn, 1981), comb. et stat. nov., ♀ (AMNH), Chaliyar River, India. E. Sahyadrimetrus scaber (Thorell, 1876), comb. nov., ♂ (AMNH), Nadpalu, India. F.Sahyadrimetrus tikaderi, gen. et sp. nov., paratype ♂ (MNHN RS 3266). Scale bars = 5 mm.

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FIGURE 199. Map of South India and Sri Lanka, plotting known locality records of two species of Sahyadrimetrus, gen. nov., and four species of Srilankametrus Couzijn, 1981, stat. nov., based on material examined, and verified records from virtual museums and the literature: Sahyadrimetrus mathewi, sp. nov.; Sahyadrimetrus scaber (Thorell, 1876), comb. nov.; Srilankametrus caesar (C.L. Koch, 1841), comb. nov. et stat. rev.; Srilankametrus couzijni, sp. nov.; Srilankametrus gravimanus (Pocock, 1894), comb. nov.; Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019), comb. nov.

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Arachnida

Order

Scorpiones

Family

Scorpionidae

Genus

Sahyadrimetrus

Specimens