Julus, Evsyukov & Golovatch & Reip, 2018

Evsyukov, Aleksandr, Golovatch, Sergei & Reip, Hans S., 2018, The millipede genus Julus Linnaeus, 1758 in the Caucasus (Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae), Zootaxa 4461 (1), pp. 89-117 : 114

Key to Julus species in the Caucasus region, based on male characters

1. Main process (mp) of male leg-pair 2 broadened at apex....................................................... 2

- Main process (mp) of male leg-pair 2 not broadened apically................................................... 4

2. Main process (mp) of leg-pair 2 long, with two outgrowths. Distofrontal one more or less large and thick. Caudal outgrowth small and short ( Figs 4G–I )...................................................................... J. kubanus

- Main process (mp) of leg-pair 2 long, with one larger or smaller distocaudal outgrowth.............................. 3

3. Main process (mp) of leg-pair 2 long, with a ventral spike-like outgrowth ( Figs 4B–D ). Gonopodal promere (pr) wide, round at apex, with a triangular spike (t) in middle part ( Figs 8C–I ).......................................... J. colchicus

- Main process (mp) long, with or without a small apical bulb, but always with a small caudal tooth or uncus at apex ( Figs 6A– D ). Gonopodal promere (pr) narrow, round at apex, with an elongated lateral lamella (la) ( Figs 11A–H ).......... J. lignaui

4. Main process (mp) of leg-pair 2 curved laterally ( Figs 7A–B ). Gonopodal promere (pr) wide, with a lateral lamella (la) ( Fig. 12H )...................................................................................... J. subalpinus

- Main process (mp) of leg-pair 2 long and straight............................................................ 5

5. Coxa (cx) of leg-pair 1 with a small or large lateral outgrowth.................................................. 6

- Coxa (cx) of leg-pair 1 without a lateral outgrowth........................................................... 7

6. Coxa (cx) of leg-pair 1 with a small lateral outgrowth ( Figs 3E–F ). Gonopodal promere (pr) relatively wide ( Figs 9A, 9C ).......................................................................................... J. jedryczkowskii

- Coxa (cx) of leg-pair 1 with a large lateral outgrowth ( Fig. 3T ). Gonopodal promere (pr) narrow ( Fig. 13D )..................................................................................................... J. khostensis sp. n.

7. Flagellum (fl) of gonopodal promere with a spike-like outgrowth and a small lamina in distal part ( Fig. 13A ). Promere (pr) wide, with two narrow lamellae: one apical (la1) and the other basal (la2) ( Fig. 13B )................. J. dagestanus sp. n.

- Flagellum (fl) of gonopodal promere without outgrowths. Gonopodal promere with one lamella....................... 8

8. Gonopodal opisthomere (op) higher than lateral outgrowth (lo) ( Figs 14F ) Promere (pr) round at apex, with a wide lateral lamella (la) ( Figs 12A, 12E ).................................................................... J. lindholmi

- Gonopodal opisthomere (op) lower than its lateral outgrowth (lo) ( Fig. 14A ). Promere (pr) with a lamella (la) in middle part, rounded and apically gently angular ( Fig. 8A )..................................................... J. alexandrae

Figures

FIGURE 3. Male legs 1 in Julus alexandrae Evsyukov, 2016 (A), J. colchicus Lohmander, 1936 (B–D), J. jedryczkowskii Golovatch, 1981 (E–F), J. kubanus Verhoeff, 1921 (G–I), J. lignaui Verhoeff, 1910 (J–M), J. lindholmi Lohmander, 1936 (N– P), J. subalpinus Lohmander, 1936 (Q–R), J. dagestanus sp. n. (S) and J. khostensis sp. n. (T). A: from the Rostov-on-Don Region. B: from Krasnaya Polyana, Krasnodar Province. C: from Sakhrai, Adygea Republic. D: syntype from Gagry, Abkhazia, after Lohmander (1936). E: from North Ossetia. F: paratype from North Ossetia, after Golovatch (1981). G: from Maikop, Adygea Republic. H: from Pskhu, Abkhazia. I: from Aksaut, Karachaevo-Cherkessia, after Lohmander (1936). J: from Krasnaya Polyana, Krasnodar Province. K: from Teberda, Karachaevo-Cherkessia. L: from Mestia, Svanetia, Georgia. M: from Teberda, Karachaevo-Cherkessia. N: from Svanetia, Georgia. O: from near Teberda, Karachaevo-Cherkessia. P: holotype from Olginskoe, Abkhazia, after Lohmander (1936). Q: from North Ossetia. R: syntype from Mount Djuga, Krasnodar Province, after Lohmander (1936). S: holotype from Dagestan. T: holotype from Khosta, Krasnodar Province. Oral views B–O; caudal views A, P. Abbreviations: cx, coxa; te, telopodite remnant. Scale bars: 0.3 mm (A–C, E, G, H, J–O, Q, S, T), 0.2 mm (F), not to scale (D, I, P, R).

FIGURE 4. Male legs 2 in Julus alexandrae Evsyukov, 2016 (A), J. colchicus Lohmander, 1936 (B–D), J. jedryczkowskii Golovatch, 1981 (E–F) and J. kubanus Verhoeff, 1921 (G–I). A: from the Rostov-on-Don Region. B: from Krasnaya Polyana, Krasnodar Province. C: from Sakhrai, Adygea Republic. D: syntype from Gagry, Abkhazia, after Lohmander (1936). E: from North Ossetia. F: paratype from North Ossetia, after Golovatch (1981). G: from Maikop, Adygea Republic. H: from Pskhu, Abkhazia. I: from Aksaut, Karachaevo-Cherkessia, after Lohmander (1936). Oral views C, E, H; caudal views A, B, D, F, G; mesal view I. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of coxa 2; mp, main process of coxa 2; p, penes; pp, posterior process of coxa 2. Scale bars: 0.3 mm (A–C, E, G, H), 0.2 mm (F), not to scale (D, I).

FIGURE 6. Male legs 2 in Julus lignaui Verhoeff, 1910 (A–D) and J. lindholmi Lohmander, 1936 (E–G), caudal views. A: from Krasnaya Polyana, Krasnodar Province. B: from Teberda, Karachaevo-Cherkessia. C: from Mestia, Georgia. D: from Teberda, Karachaevo-Cherkessia. E: from Svanetia, Georgia. F: from near Teberda, Karachaevo-Cherkessia. G: holotype from Olginskoe, Abkhazia, after Lohmander (1936). Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of coxa 2; mp, main process of coxa 2; p, penes; pp, posterior process of coxa 2. Scale bars: 0.3 mm (A–F), not to scale (G).

FIGURE 7. Male legs 2 in Julus subalpinus Lohmander, 1936 (A–B), J. dagestanus sp. n. (C) and J. khostensis sp. n. (D). A: from North Ossetia. B: syntype from Mount Djuga, Krasnodar Province, after Lohmander (1936). C: holotype from Dagestan. D: holotype from Khosta, Krasnodar Province. Oral views A, C, D; lateral view B. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of coxa 2; mp, main process of coxa 2; p, penes. Scale bars: 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 8. Male gonopods in Julus alexandrae Evsyukov, 2018 (A–B from the Rostov-on-Don Region) and J. colchicus Lohmander, 1936 (C–D from Krasnaya Polyana, Krasnodar Province, E–F from Sakhrai, Adygea Republic, G–H syntype from Gagry, Abkhazia, after Lohmander (1936), I from Sataplia State Reserve, Georgia, after Golovatch (1977)). A, E, G: promere, caudal view. B, D: left gonopods, mesal view. C: promere with flagella, caudal view. F: right gonopods, mesal view. H, I: left gonopods, mesal view. Scale bars: 0.3 mm. G, H, I not to scale. Abbreviations: fl, flagellum; la, lamella on promere; lo, lateral outgrowth of opisthomere; ms, mesomere; op, opisthomere; pr, promere; t, mesal tooth on promere.

FIGURE 9. Male gonopods in Julus jedryczkowskii Golovatch, 1981 (A–B from North Ossetia, C–D from North Ossetia after Golovatch (1981)). A: promere with flagellum, caudal view. B, D: right gonopods, mesal view. C: promere, caudal view. Scale bar: 0.3 mm. Abbreviations: fl, flagellum; la, lamella on promere; ms, mesomere; op, opisthomere; pr, promere.

FIGURE 11. Male gonopods in Julus lignaui Verhoeff, 1910 (A–B from Krasnaya Polyana, Krasnodar Province; C–D from Mestia, Georgia; E–H from Teberda, Karachaevo-Cherkessia). A: promere with flagella, caudal view. B, D, H: left gonopods, mesal view. C, E, G: promere, caudal view. F: right gonopod, mesal view. Scale bar: 0.3 mm. Abbreviations: fl, flagellum; la, lamella on promere; lo, lateral outgrowth of opisthomere; ms, mesomere; op, opisthomere; pr, promere.

FIGURE 12. Male gonopods in Julus lindholmi Lohmander, 1936 (A–B from Svanetia, Georgia; C–D from near Teberda, Karachaevo-Cherkessia; E–F holotype from Olginskoe, Abkhazia, after Lohmander (1936)) and J. subalpinus Lohmander, 1936 (G from North Ossetia; H–I syntype from Mount Djuga, Krasnodar Province, after Lohmander (1936)). A, C: promere with flagellum, caudal view. B: opisthomere, oral view. D, I: left gonopods, mesal view. E: promere, caudal view. F, H: promere, mesal view. G: right gonopods, mesal view. Scale bar: 0.3 mm (A–D, G), not to scale (E, F, H, I). Abbreviations: fl, flagellum; la, lamella on promere; lo, lateral outgrowth of opisthomere; ms, mesomere; op, opisthomere; pr, promere.

FIGURE 13. Male gonopods in Julus dagestanus sp. n. (A–C holotype from Dagestan) and J. khostensis sp. n. (D–E holotype from Khosta, Krasnodar Province). A: promere with flagellum, mesal view. B: promere, caudal view. C: left gonopods, lateral view. D: promere with flagella, caudal view. E: right gonopods, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.3 mm. Abbreviations: fl, flagellum; la, lamella on promere; la1 and la2, lamella 1 and lamella 2 on promere; lo, lateral outgrowth of opisthomere; ms, mesomere; op, opisthomere; pr, promere.

FIGURE 14. Mesomere and opisthomere in Caucasian species of Julus, oral views. A: J. alexandrae Evsyukov, 2016. B: J. colchicus Lohmander, 1936. C: J. jedryczkowskii Golovatch, 1981. D: J. kubanus Verhoeff, 1921. E: J. lignaui Verhoeff, 1910. F: J. lindholmi Lohmander, 1936 G: J. subalpinus Lohmander, 1936. H: J. dagestanus sp. n. Scale bars: 0.3 mm. Abbreviations: fl, flagellum; lo, lateral outgrowth of opisthomere; ms, mesomere; op, opisthomere.