Cyrtogrammomma monticola Pocock, 1895

Osorio Gonzalez-Filho, Hector Manuel, Fonseca-Ferreira, Rafael, Brescovit, Antonio Domingos & Guadanucci, Jose Paulo Leite, 2022, Taxonomy of the genus Cyrtogrammomma Pocock, 1895 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) with a description of a new species from Brazil, Zoosystematics and Evolution 98 (2), pp. 181-199 : 181

Cyrtogrammomma monticola Pocock, 1895

Figs 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9

Cyrtogrammomma monticola Pocock, 1895: 139. - Pocock 1990: 66. - Simon 1895: 1066; 1903: 912, 913. - Mello-Leitão 1923: 355. - Petrunkevitch 1928: 73. - Roewer 1942: 214. - Bonnet 1956: 1354; - Raven 1985: 111, 114; - Mori and Bertani 2020: 125.

Type-material.

Holotype ♀. Guyana: Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Monte Roraima (8500ft), 5°13'N, 60°44'W, J. J. Quelch leg., (BM1895.3.20.2), not examined.

Additional material examined.

Brazil: Pará: 1♂ 3♀, Aveiro ; Caverna Paraíso, 04°04'33.6"S, 55°27'32.4"W, 04-07.x.2020, R. Fonseca-Ferreira, R.L. Ferreira & M. Souza-Silva leg. (CAD 850 ♂, CAD 851 ♀, CAD 852 ♀, IBSP 284610 ♀); 1♀; Rurópolis; Caverna das Mãos, 04°09'25.2"S, 55°04'19.2"W, R. Fonseca-Ferreira, R.L. Ferreira & M. Souza-Silva leg. ( CAD 854); 1♀; Almeirim; 01°1'33.12220"S, 52°34'2.78573"W, 15.v.2005, T. Gardner & M.A. Ribeiro Júnior leg. (MPEG 7464) . GUYANA: Cuyuni-Mazaruni, 2 ♂ 10 ♀, same data as the holotype (BM1899.3.14.4-13) .

Amended diagnosis.

Males of Cyrtogrammomma monticola resemble those of C. frevo sp. nov. by the palpal bulb with a straight embolus without keels (Figs 1G, H , 3F-H , 10H-J ), but differ in the absence of “spoon-shaped” tip (Fig. 10H-L ). Females can be distinguished from C. frevo sp. nov. by the spermathecae with long and straight ducts (Figs 2C , 4E ), and from C. raveni by having several rounded lobes on the apex.

Redescription.

Male. (CAD 850): Total length: 8.46. Carapace 6.02 long, 5.5 wide, thoracic striae distinct. Caput raised. Fovea: 0.78 wide, straight. Clypeus absent. Eyes tubercle trapezoidal and slightly raised (Fig. 3D ). Eight eyes on tubercle 1.02 long, 0.83 wide. Anterior eye row strongly procurved, posterior row straight (Fig. 3D ). Eyes diameters and interdistances: AME 0.31, ALE 0.32, PME 0.08, PLE 0.21; ALE-ALE 0.52, ALE-AME 0.11, AME-PME 0.12, PME-PME 0.57, PLE-PME 0.05, AME-AME 0.15, ALE-PLE 0.27. Labium: ellipsoid, 0.5 long, 1.14 wide, having two rounded cupules on distal third (Fig. 3E ). Chelicerae: 11 prolateral teeth and 14 tiny teeth on inner edge. Rastellum composed of weak and long setae, ca. 27 conical spines on promargin. Labiosternal groove shallow, flat, with pair of sigilla. Maxillae: 1.9 long, 1.12 wide, with ca. 15 cuspules in the inner corner. Heel reduced. Anterior lobe short, not projected (Fig. 3E ). Sternum 3.11 long, 3.68 wide. Abdomen: Book lungs semi-circular, elliptical aperture, and book lungs combs absent (Fig. 3C ). Palp (femur, patella, tibia, cymbium, total): 3.6, 2.05, 3.06, 1.73, 10.44. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 6.29, 2.98, 4.91, 4.52, 2.61, 21.31; II: 6.11, 3.01, 4.87, 4.85, 2.74, 16.71; III: 5.48, 2.4, 3.95, 5.42, 2.77, 20.02; IV: 7.5, 2.89, 6.26, 8.63, 3.18, 28.46. Spination: Leg I: femur p0-1-1-0-1-1, tibia v1-1-0-1-0-2ap, metatarsus v0-1-0; II: femur p0-1-1-0-1, tibia v0-1-1-0-2ap, metatarsus v1-0; III: femur p0-1, patella p0-1, tibia v0-1-2-0-1p-0-3ap, metatarsus v0-1-0-1-0-3ap, d0-1r-1p-0-1p-1-0-2-4ap; IV: femur d0-1, tibia v1r-0-1-0-1-1p-0-0-1p-1r-0-3ap, metatarsus v0-1-0-1-0-0-1p-0-3ap, d0-2-0-0-2-0-1-1. PC absent. Clavate trichobothria in two rows on distal half on all tarsi. Claws: IRC absent. STC bare. Scopula: Absent in all tibias; Cymbium 1/3. Tarsi I-IV fully scopulate, metatarsi I-II all scopulate, III 1/2, IV 1/4 ap; tarsi I-II not divided, III-IV divided by a band of weak setae. Tibial apophysis absent.

Palp: Palpal bulb pyriform, subtegulum globose with four times longer embolus, triangular tip (Fig. 3F-H ). Cymbium elongated with deep incision, prolateral and retrolateral lobe strongly projected (Fig. 3I-K ).

Spinnerets: PMS 0.06. PLS: basal 0.64, median 0.35, apical 0.08. Apical segment domed (Fig. 3C ).

Color pattern (preserved in alcohol): Carapace, chelicerae and legs light brown, femora darker. Carapace with yellowish setae. Ventrally yellowish brown. Abdomen dark brown, dorsal spotted pattern not visible. Spinnerets pale (Fig. 3A-C ).

Female (CAD 851): Total length: 12.3. Carapace 7.05 long, 6.12 wide, thoracic striae distinct. Caput raised. Fovea: 1.1 wide, straight. Clypeus absent. Eyes tubercle trapezoidal and slightly raised. Eight eyes on tubercle 1.19 long, 1.48 wide. Anterior eye row strongly procurved, posterior row straight (Fig. 4C ). Eyes’ diameters and interdistances: AME 0,25, ALE 0.36, PME 0.13, PLE 0,31. ALE-ALE 0.7, ALE-AME 0.27, AME-PME 0.24, PME-PME 0.8, PLE-PME 0.7, AME-AME 0.28, ALE-PLE 0.33. Labium: trapezoidal, 1.04 long, 1.61 wide, having two cupules rounded on distal on third (Fig. 4B ). Chelicerae: 8 prolateral teeth and 13 tiny on inner edge. Rastellum composed of long setae, ca. 27 conical spines on promagin. Labiosternal groove shallow, flat, with pair of sigilla. Maxillae: 3.34 long, 1.66 wide, with ca. 15 cuspules in the inner corner. Heel distinct. Anterior lobe short not projected. Sternum 4.5 long, 2.77 wide. Abdomen: Book lungs semi-circular, elliptical aperture, and book lungs combs absent. Palp (femur, patella, tibia, cymbium, total): 4.41, 3.07, 2.95, 2.79, 13.22. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 5.76, 3.94, 3.52, 3.19, 1.96, 18.37; II: 5.87, 3.95, 3.82, 3.38, 1.92, 18.95; III: 5.47, 3.22, 3.37, 3.98, 1.85, 17.89; IV: 7.53, 3.91, 5.57, 7.32, 2.38, 26.71. Spination: palp: tibia v0-2-1-1-0-4ap. Leg I: femur p0-1; tibia v1-0-1-0-1ap; metatarsus v1-0-1ap; III: femur d0-1, patella v0-1-1ap, tibia v0-1-0-1-0-3ap, d0-2-2-0, metatarsus v0-1-1p-0-3ap, d0-1p-0-2-2; IV: femur d0-1, tibia v0-1-1-0-2-1p-0-1r-4ap, metatarsus v0-1-2d-0-1-0-1p-0-3ap, d0-1-0-2-1ap. PC absent. Clavate trichobothria in two rows on distal half on all tarsi, 12 clavate trichobothria in each row. Matchstick type setae: dorso-prolateral on metatarsus I-II (Figs 8 , 9 ). Claws: IRC absent. STC bare. Scopula: Absent in all tibias; Tarsi I-IV fully scopulate, metatarsi I-II fully scopulate, III 1/3, IV 1/4; tarsi I-II not divided, III-IV divided by a band of setae. Spinnerets: PMS 0.06. PLS: basal 1.09, median 0.46, apical 0.06. Apical segment domed (Fig. 4D ).

Spermathecae: partially damaged. Two seminal receptacles; the ducts having a thickened basal half and narrow apical half, with strong constriction between the duct and the receptacles (Fig. 4E ). Long and straight stalk with an apical globose lobe.

Color pattern (preserved in alcohol): Carapace, chelicerae and legs reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown, dorsal spotted pattern not visible. Spinnerets pale (Fig. 4A ).

Color pattern (live specimens): General appearance dark brown. Femora darker. Abdomen brown with a few whitish setae and light brown spots dorsally not conspicuous (Figs 5 , 7 ).

Natural history.

C. monticola spiders live in trapdoor burrows, with a hinged lid, which is thin and soft (Fig. 6 ). The burrows can be found on ravines, and are usually camouflaged with moss, grains of sand and/or clay (Fig. 6A ). Cave specimens were found in ravines and sediment banks deposited inside caves, including in aphotic regions, with their burrows usually close to each other.

Remarks.

Mori and Bertani (2020) redescribed the genus based only on the holotype female and a new species from Kamakusa, Guyana. However, they did not dissect the spermathecae because of the poor condition of the specimen. This specimen was not found in the collection of the Natural History Museum (NHM) by one of the authors (HMOGF). However, examining the type-material cabinet of the NHM, we found additional specimens containing adults of both sexes used by Pocock (1900) to supplement the initial description of the male and some additional features of the females (BM1899.3.14.4-13), which enabled us to illustrate the spermathecae for the first time, as well as the redescription of the male (Figs 1 , 2 ). Due to the poor condition of the holotype, here we use recently collected specimens from Brazil that match the original description to add new measurement data. The male illustrated here appears to have a broken tip in the embolus (Fig. 1G, H ).

Distribution.

Brazil: Pará; Guyana: Cuyuni-Mazaruni and Kamakusa (Fig. 15 ).

Figures

Figure 1. Cyrtogrammomma monticola, ♂, (BM 1899.3.14.4 - 13). A, B. Habitus; A. Dorsal view; B. Ventral view; C. Eyes group, dorsal view; D. Labium and endites, ventral view; E-H Right cymbium; E. Dorsal view; F. Ventral view; G. Prolateral view; H. Retrolateral view. Abbreviations: PL = Prolateral lobe; RL = Retrolateral lobe. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D); 0.5 mm (E-H).

Figure 2. Cyrtogrammomma monticola, ♀, (BM 1899.3.14.4 - 13). A, B. Habitus; A. Dorsal view; B. Ventral view; C. Spermathecae, dorsal view; D. Tarsus, dorsal view; E. Labium, ventral view; F. Eyes group, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C); 1 mm (D-F).

Figure 3. Cyrtogrammomma monticola, ♂, (CAD 850). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Prosoma, ventral view; C. Abdomen, ventral view; D. Eyes group, dorsal view; E. Labium and endites, ventral view; F-H Right male palpal bulb; F. Ventral view; G. Prolateral view; H. Retrolateral; I-K Cymbium: I. Prolateral view; J. Retrolateral view; K. Dorsal view. Abbreviations: PL = Prolateral lobe; RL = Retrolateral lobe. Scale bars: 1 mm (A-K).

Figure 4. Cyrtogrammomma monticola, ♀, (CAD 851). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Sternum and labium, ventral view; C. Eyes group, dorsal view; D. Spinnerets, ventral view; E. Spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale: 1 mm (A-E).

Figure 5. Cyrtogrammomma monticola, ♀, (CAD 852), live specimen from Gruta do Paraiso, Aveiro, Para, Brazil, dorsal view. Photo: Wolf J Moeller.

Figure 6. Cyrtogrammomma monticola, ♀, (CAD 852). A, B Detail of the trapdoor of the specimen. A. Trapdoor camouflaged; red arrow points to the closed trapdoor; B. Trapdoor with the door open. Photos: Rafael Fonseca-Ferreira.

Figure 7. Cyrtogrammomma monticola, ♀, (CAD 852). A, B live specimen from Gruta do Paraiso, Aveiro, Para, Brazil. A. live specimen, dorsal view; B. Detail of the metatarsus I and II, black arrows pointing to the matchstick setae. Photo: Wolf J Moeller.

Figure 8. Cyrtogrammomma monticola, ♀, (CAD 852). A, B Matchstick setae. A. tarsus and metatarsus leg I, prolateral view. B. tarsus and metatarsus leg I, dorsal view. Red arrows showing matchstick setae. Scale: 1 mm (A, B).

Figure 9. Cyrtogrammomma monticola, ♀, (CAD 852), SEM micrographies. A matchstick seta, prolateral view. B. socket detail, dorsal view. C. detail of the apex. D. detail of the stalk. Scale: 50 nm (A, B); 30 nm (C, D).

Figure 10. Cyrtogrammomma frevo sp. nov., ♂, holotype (IBSP 15220). A, B. Habitus: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. Left pedipalp, prolateral view; D. Left cymbium, dorsal view; E. Left pedipalp, retrolateral view; F. Labium and endites, ventral view; G. Eyes group, dorsal view; H-J Male palpal bulb: H. Ventral view; I. Prolateral view; J. Retrolateral; K, L. Micrographies of the apex of the palpal embolus: K. retrolateral view; L. prolateral view. Abbreviations: PL = Prolateral lobe; RL = Retrolateral lobe. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.5 mm (C-G); 500 nm (K, L).

Figure 15. Distribution map of species of the genus Cyrtogrammomma Pocock, 1895.