Coneuplecta (Durgellina) calculosa, (Gould, 1852)

Hyman, Isabel T. & Ponder, Winston F., 2010, A morphological phylogenetic analysis and generic revision of Australian Helicarionidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora), and an assessment of the relationships of the family 2462, Zootaxa 2462 (1), pp. 1-148 : 109-110

Co neuplecta (Durgellina) calculosa (Gould, 1852)

Figures 16D, H , 26G , 27G , 28G , 39D , 40D–F

Helix calculosa Gould, 1852: 48 .

Helix umbraculorum Cox, 1864 : Addendum, species No. 136.

Helix dendrobia Crosse, 1868: 96–97 , pl. i, fig. 5.

Helix (Conulus) russelli Brazier, 1875b: 668 .

Sitala ? rimicola (Benson) Blanford and Godwin-Austen, 1908: 236–237 .

Coneuplecta (Durgellina) calculosa: Baker, 1941a: 234–236 , pl. 44, figs 8–9, pl. 55, figs 4–5, pl. 62, fig. 13; Solem, 1961: 471; Solem, 1988: 544, figs 173, 177–178; Smith, 1992: 227.

Material examined. New South Wales: AM C374873 (one shell measured, photographed), Coffs Harbour, behind N end of Park Beach (30º17' S, 153º8' E), on leaves of sapling trees in littoral rainforest, Feb. 1983, M. Shea ; AM C377743 (one specimen dissected), Zeehan Rd. at Cooks Creek Trail (30º31' S, 152º45' E), arboreal, rainforest regrowth, 13 Nov. 1999, J. Waterhouse ; AM C377891 (one specimen dissected), Nymboi–Binderay National Park N of Bosterbrick, Mills Road 200–300 m from Moonpar Rd. (30º13' S, 152º39' E), arboreal, tall wet sclerophyll, vine thicket understorey, 9 Nov. 1999, M. Shea .

Description. External morphology: Shell ( Figures 16D, H , 26G , 27G , 28G ) 4.7–5.1 whorls, pale golden brown, not glossy; protoconch sculptured with spiral and radial ribs (spirals stronger); teleoconch with spiral and radial lirae (radials stronger); shell shape as for genus. Animal white. Sole of foot and caudal apparatus as for genus; caudal horn very small.

Mantle cavity: As for genus. Mantle with pigmentation of black and white spots, mantle gland present.

Digestive system: As for genus.

Genital system ( Figure 39D ): As for genus. Free oviduct long; capsular gland present. Bursa copulatrix very short, shorter than free oviduct; duct of bursa copulatrix wide, not distinguishable from bursa copulatrix. Vagina short. Penis moderately long, epiphallus enters penis through simple pore; penis internally smooth; basal diverticulum on penis present. Penial sheath present, enclosing only penis. Epiphallus shorter than penis.

Radula ( Figure 40D–F ): As for genus. Central tooth with large ectocones and smaller accessory cusps. Two lateral teeth present, distinguished from marginal teeth by presence of endocone; marginal teeth with endocones absent; ectocones approximately same length and breadth as mesocone, subdivided into two to five extra teeth (increasing towards the outer edge). Radular formula (113.2.1.2.113) × 102 rows.

Range and habitat. Within Australia, this species is found from Narooma, southern New South Wales to islands of Torres Strait in far northern Queensland and in the northwestern part of Northern Territory. Outside Australia, Coneuplecta calculosa has been recorded from India, New Caledonia, Western Samoa and the Society Islands ( Solem 1988).

Remarks. The anatomy and radula figured here for Coneuplecta calculosa is identical to that figured by Baker (1941a) for this species. No anatomical details are available for the type species of Durgellina , Coneuplecta vitrina ( Thiele, 1928) , which Schileyko (2002a) gives as a synonym of C. calculosa , although we were unable to confirm this.

Solem (1988) is followed in including Helix dendrobia Crosse, 1868 and Sitala rimicola (Benson) Blanford and Godwin-Austen, 1908 as synonyms of Coneuplecta calculosa . The species figured by Odhner (1917) as Sitala wilcoxi ( Cox, 1865) may also be C. calculosa , based on the radula and reproductive system. It is possible that wilcoxi , which has since been synonymised with Sodaleta umbraculorum ( Iredale 1937c) , is also a synonym of C. calculosa . Alternatively, Odhner (1917) may have misidentified the species he dissected. He did not figure a shell.

In the phylogenetic analysis, Coneuplecta calculosa grouped with the other species of Coneuplecta and diverged from the base of the tree ( Figures 1–3 ). In the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Hyman et al. (2007), C. calculosa also occupied a relatively basal position as the sister taxon to ( Trochomorphidae + Microcystinae ) ( Figure 44A ).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Majority-rule consensus tree (1,743 trees, length 117 steps) from the morphological analysis containing representatives of all groups. Families and subfamilies are shaded and are labelled in bold if the group is not monophyletic.

FIGURE 2. Majority-rule consensus tree (646 trees, length 106 steps) from the morphological analysis with Dyakiidae and Urocyclidae excluded. Families and subfamilies are shaded and are labelled in bold if the group is not monophyletic.

FIGURE 3. Majority-rule consensus tree (770 trees, length 117 steps) resulting from the morphological analysis with two additional mantle lobe characters. Families and subfamilies are shaded and are labelled in bold if the group is not monophyletic.

FIGURE 16. Microsculptures of the protoconch (A–E) and teleoconch (F–I). SEM. A. Mysticarion porrectus, AM C165048 (protoconch). B. Nitor circumcincta, AM C365822 (protoconch). C. Tarocystis responsivus, AM C425327 (protoconch). D. Coneuplecta calculosa, AM C377743 (protoconch). E. New genus C patescens, AM C120654 (protoconch). F. Nitor circumcincta, AM C365822 (teleoconch). G. Tarocystis responsivus, AM C425327 (teleoconch). H. Coneuplecta calculosa, AM C377743 (teleoconch). I. New genus C patescens, AM C120654 (teleoconch). Scale bars 100 mm (D, I), 200 mm (A–C, E–H).

FIGURE 26. Shells, dorsal view. A. Westracystis lissus, BMNH 90.12.30.80–4 (S). B. Westracystis lissus, AM C64901 (S of W. tentus). C. Echonitor cyrtochila, BMNH 1922.8.29.16 (H). D. Echonitor albumenoidea, AM C60533 (H). E. Periclocystis ardeni, AM C60541 (H). F. Tarocystis responsivus, AM C104308 (S). G. Conueplecta (Durgellina) calculosa, AM C374873. H. Coneuplecta (Nevelasta) pampini, AM C126763. Scale bars 2 mm (B, G–H), 3 mm (A, C–F). Photographs by M. Allan (F), H. Barlow (B, G–H), D. Beechey (D–E), W. Ponder (A, C). Abbreviations: H, holotype; S, syntype.

FIGURE 27. Shells, lateral view. A. Westracystis lissus, BMNH 90.12.30.80–4 (S). B. Westracystis lissus, AM C64901 (S of W. tentus). C. Echonitor cyrtochila, BMNH 1922.8.29.16 (H). D. Echonitor albumenoidea, AM C60533 (H). E. Periclocystis ardeni, AM C60541 (H). F. Tarocystis responsivus, AM C104308 (S). G. Conueplecta (Durgellina) calculosa, AM C374873. H. Coneuplecta (Nevelasta) pampini, AM C126763. Scale bars 2 mm (B, G–H), 3 mm (A, C–F). Photographs by H. Barlow (B, F–H), D. Beechey (D–E), W. Ponder (A, C). Abbreviations: H, holotype; S, syntype.

FIGURE 28. Shells, ventral view. A. Westracystis lissus, BMNH90.12.30.80–4 (S). B. Westracystis lissus, AM C64901 (S of W. tentus). C. Echonitor cyrtochila, BMNH 1922.8.29.16 (H). D. Echonitor albumenoidea, AM C60533 (H). E. Periclocystis ardeni, AM C60541 (H). F. Tarocystis responsivus, AM C104308 (S). G. Conueplecta (Durgellina) calculosa, AM C374873. H. Coneuplecta (Nevelasta) pampini, AM C126763. Scale bars 2 mm (B, G–H), 3 mm (A, C–F). Photographs by H. Barlow (B, F–H), D. Beechey (D–E), W. Ponder (A, C). Abbreviations: H, holotype; S, syntype.

FIGURE 39. Reproductive systems. A. Everettia sp., BMNH 20020188. B. Lamarckiella lamarckiana sibuyanensis, FMNH 201967. C. Coneuplecta pampini, AM C438751. D. Coneuplecta calculosa, AM C377891. E. Coneuplecta dahli, MNHN no registration number. F. Hiona pilsbryi, BPBM 206801. G. Liardetia doliolum, BPBM 253684. Scale bars 1 mm (C–E, G), 2 mm (F), 5 mm (A–B). Abbreviations: alb, albumen gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; ca, carrefour; e, eggs / embryos; ep, epiphallus; fov, free oviduct; her, hermaphrodite duct; m, muscle attaching penial sheath to epiphallus; ov, ovotestis; p, penis; pd, penial diverticulum; pr, prostate; prm, penis retractor muscle; pt, penial sheath; pv, penial verge; st, stimulator; ut, uterus; v, vagina; vd, vas deferens.

FIGURE 40. Radulae. SEM. A–C. Coneuplecta pampini, AM C438751. D–F. Coneuplecta calculosa, AM C377891. G–I. Liardetia doliolum, BPBM 253684. J–L. Lamprocystis guttula, FMNH 174940. Scale bars 10 mm (A–I), 20 mm (J–L).

FIGURE 44. Trees resulting from the phylogenetic analysis of two molecular datasets. Families and subfamilies are shaded. A. Mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I [after Hyman et al. (2007)]. B. Nuclear gene 28S rRNA [after Wade et al. (2006)].