Solanum dulcamaroides Poir., 1814

Knapp, Sandra, 2013, A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae), PhytoKeys 22, pp. 1-432 : 117-126

15. Solanum dulcamaroides Poir. , Encycl. Suppl. 3: 751. 1814 Figure 38

Solanum macrantherum Dunal, Solan. Syn. 16. 1816, nom. superfl. Type: Based on Solanum dulcamaroides Poir.

Solanum nutans Sessé & Moc., Fl. Mex., ed. 2, 50. 1894. Type: Mexico. "urbe Queretaro", M. Sessé & J. Mociño s.n. (neotype, designated by Knapp, 2008b, pg.18: MA [MA-604674, F neg. 48343]).

Solanum sarmentosum Sessé & Moc., Fl. Mex., ed. 2, 51. 1894. Type: Mexico. "Habitat in Queretari et Temescaltepec hortis" M. Sessé & J. Mociño s.n. (lectotype, designated by Knapp, 2008b, pg. 18: MA [MA-604621, F neg. 48321]; isolectotypes: G [G00071088, F neg. 34123], MA [MA-604620, F neg. 48317], LE).

Solanum megalospermum J.L.Gentry & Child, Brenesia 16: 147. 1979. Type: Guatemala. Baja Verapaz: Sierra de las Minas, 5 km S of Purulhá, 1600 m, 2 Jan 1973 [ “1963” on label at MO], L.O. Williams, A. Molina R. & T.P. Williams 41964 (holotype: F [F-1986736, F neg. 62207]; isotypes: K [K000488211], MO [MO-2270289], NY [NY00139007]).

Type.

Mexico. Based on an unpublished illustration in the Sessé and Mociño collection (lectotype, designated here: Hunt Botanical Institute 6331.1503); Mexico. Sin. loc., M. Sessé & J. Mociño s.n.. (epitype, designated here: MA [MA-602624]).

Description.

Woody vine, often reaching into the canopy. Stems when young sparsely to densely pubescent with tangled, very weak simple uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long, some trichomes furcate or dendritic in more pubescent individuals; new growth sparsely to densely pubescent with simple and furcate uniseriate trichomes, these tangled and weak, ca. 0.5 mm long. Bark of older stems yellowish brown, glabrate, corky on very large stems (fide Nee 23735). Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves usually simple, occasionally pinnatifid, especially on younger stems, (2.5-)4-10 cm long, (1-)2-8 cm wide, elliptic to obovate, usually widest in the basal third, slightly thick and fleshy, the upper surfaces glabrous and shiny with the trichomes confined to the veins or uniformly pubescent on the veins and lamina with simple uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long, the lower surfaces glabrous or the pubescence similar to that of the upper surfaces, but the trichomes denser along the veins; primary veins 6-7 pairs, connected by a prominent marginal vein ca. 0.5 cm from the margin; base acute to truncate or very occasionally somewhat cordate; margins entire or with 1-2 pairs of basal lobes, the lobes 0.5-0.7 cm long, each with a petiolule to 0.4 cm long; apex acuminate, often with an elongate tip; petioles to 5 cm long, glabrous or pubescent like the stems and leaves, the trichomes denser on the channelled adaxial groove, twining to aid in climbing. Inflorescences terminal or lateral, 7-20(+) cm long, longer in fruit, many times branched, with up to 80 flowers, glabrous or pubescent with simple uniseriate and occasionally furcate trichomes like the stems; peduncle 1.5-5 cm long; pedicels 1-1.6 cm long, slender, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base, 1-1.5 mm in diameter at the apex, deflexed or nodding at anthesis, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes adaxially, minutely papillate abaxially, articulated at the base from a tiny sleeve, leaving a small peg on the inflorescence axis; pedicel scars irregularly spaced 5-10 mm apart. Buds globose and inflated with prominent angles at the petal margins, the corolla strongly exserted from the minute calyx tube long before anthesis. Flowers all perfect, 5-merous. Calyx tube 1.5-2 mm long, flattened to somewhat conical, the lobes <0.5 mm long, forming mere teeth on the rim of the tube, glabrous to sparsely pubescent with simple trichomes, these denser on the minute apices. Corolla (2-)2.5-4 cm in diameter, violet to deep purple, very showy, stellate, lobed ca. 2/3 of the way to the base, the lobes 0.9-1.5 mm long, 0.6-0.7 cm wide, spreading to slightly cupped at anthesis, densely papillate all long the margins and on the cucullate tips, otherwise glabrous. Filament tube ca. 0.5 mm, the free portion of the filaments 1.5-3 mm long, glabrous; anthers 4.5-5 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide, ellipsoid to almost globose, yellow, loosely connivent, the abaxial surfaces thickened and enlarged and the thecae not visible, drying papillate, poricidal at the tips, the pores not lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 14-16 mm long, glabrous; stigma small capitate, the surface minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 2-2.5 cm in diameter, bright red and juicy when ripe, the pericarp thin and shiny; fruiting pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm long, 1-1.5 mm in diameter at the base, hanging from the weight of the fruit; fruiting calyx a flattened plate. Seeds ca. 20 per berry, 5-6 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, flattened reniform, reddish brown or pale brown, in immature fruit the surfaces minutely pitted, in mature fruits the lateral testal cell walls prominent and giving the seed a hairy appearance, these to 1 mm long and creating a prominent wing around the seed, the testa cells rectangular in outline. Chromosome number: not known.

Distribution

( Figure 39 ). From central Mexico (Estado Colima) to Nicaragua; from almost sea level to 2100 m.

Ecology.

In deciduous and evergreen forests, often a canopy vine.

Conservation status.

Least Concern (LC); EOO>100,000 km2 (LC) and AOO>10,000 km2 (LC). See Moat (2007) for explanation of measurements.

Discussion.

Solanum dulcamaroides is a beautiful plant, with large, fleshy flowers and bright red fruits. It is one of the larger vining members of the Dulcamaroid clade, often growing well into the canopy of rainforests. Although it in some ways resembles Solanum dulcamara (as mentioned by Dunal 1813), it can be easily distinguished from that species by its inflated, globose angular buds (rather than the turbinate buds of Solanum dulcamara ) and the much larger flowers (to 4 cm in diameter) without green spots at the corolla lobe bases. It also is somewhat similar morphologically to Solanum boldoense of Cuba (see Knapp 2008b for a discussion of the mix-up associated with these two species in the collections of Sessé and Mociño) and the more widespread and commonly cultivated Solanum seaforthianum . Solanum dulcamaroides differs from both those species in its distinctive anther morphology, with the abaxial surface thickened so that the thecae are not visible and the anthers appear as small football-shaped structures, and with pores that do not markedly lengthen to slits with age. The filaments of Solanum dulcamaroides and Solanum boldoense are equal, while in Solanum seaforthianum one filament is longer than the rest. Solanum boldoense has the articulation point of the pedicels just below the base of the calyx tube, while the pedicels of both Solanum dulcamaroides and Solanum seaforthianum are articulated at the base from a small sleeve. Pinnatifid leaves are rare in flowering or fruiting specimens of Solanum dulcamaroides (see below) and Solanum boldoense , while they are common in Solanum seaforthianum .

Although very few specimens of Solanum dulcamaroides have pinnatifid leaves, Nee (1993) records that divided leaves are borne on lower parts of the plant, and that plants cultivated from seed first produced profoundly pinnatifid leaves and eventually produced only simple leaves once stems became flowering. This developmental transition from pinnatifid juvenile to simple adult leaves appears to be relatively common in the Dulcamaroid clade (see Solanum flaccidum ), but is often not noticed as herbarium specimens are usually made only from the terminal portions of reproductive stems. From herbarium specimens, it is apparent that leaf size decreases as the stem makes the transition to the inflorescence.

Leaf pubescence varies considerably in Solanum dulcamaroides , as it does in many other members of the group. Some specimens (especially those from the west of Mexico) are densely pubescent, with some of the trichomes furcate or with a few branches, but the majority of the trichomes are simple. Other plants, among them the type of Solanum megalospermum (Williams et al. 41964), are almost entirely glabrous. Plants from Nicaragua have smaller flowers (to 2.5 cm in diameter) than do plants from Mexico, flowering collections of Solanum dulcamaroides from Guatemala are a priority to see if this is a simple cline or due instead to environmental differences.

The epithet “dulcamaroides” has long been attributed to M.-F. Dunal rather than J.L.M. Poiret, the editor of the supplement to Lamarck’s encyclopaedia (see Nee 1982). While most of the 41 Solanum epithets published in the supplement are indeed attributable to Dunal, Solanum dulcamaroides has the diagnosis ascribed to Dunal, but the epithet was not, and was therefore probably coined by Poiret himself. Dunal later cites " Solanum dulcamaroides Poir." in synonymy with his Solanum macrantherum , attributing the epithet “dulcamaroides” to Poiret only, thus indicating that Poiret did not use the epithet Dunal had wanted for this plant.

Solanum dulcamaroides (and its later homonym Solanum macrantherum ) was described based on an illustration seen by Dunal in the collection of original drawings done for the Sessé and Mociño expedition to Mexico and Central America (see McVaugh 2000) and on his own, unpublished illustration, now held in the collections at MPU. Dunal is likely to have seen this illustration when Mocino was in Montpellier between 1812 and 1817 (see McVaugh 2000: 12); this set of original illustrations was then copied for Candolle, but no images of Solanum species are held in the set of copies at G. The original held in the Hunt Botanical Institute is thus the only material associated with the name. Material linked to this name was described by Sessé and Mociño as Solanum sarmentosum and Solanum nutans , and herbarium sheets linked with those names can be found in MA (see Knapp 2008b), duplicates of these are also held in G. An illustration in the Torner Collection of the Hunt Botanical Institute (accession number 6331.1503, Figure 40 ) that clearly shows the distinctive bud morphology of this species is here chosen as the lectotype of Solanum dulcamaroides . Epitype material is held in MA amongst the collections of the Sessé and Mociño expedition: I have selected as the epitype the sheet best matching the leaf morphology in the watercolour. Considerable confusion over the identities of Solanum dulcamaroides and the very similar Cuban endemic Solanum boldoense is apparent in the labelling of sheets at MA; this is discussed under Solanum boldoense above and in Knapp (2008b).

Specimens examined.

Guatemala. Baja Verapaz: Reserva Municipal Los Cerritos, Baja Verapaz, Salamá. Cerro el Portezuelo, Reserva Municipal Los Cerritos, 1020 m, 10 Mar 2009, Christenhusz et al. 5662 (BM); El Quiché: Sacapulas, 1600 m, 12 Jan 1974, Molina R. et al. 30376 (F); Huehuetenango: Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, 15 Sep 1941, Johnston 1978 (F).

Mexico. Chiapas: Ocozocoautla de Espinosa, 32 km N of Ocozocoautla along road to Mal Paso, 762 m, 19 Oct 1965, Breedlove & Raven 13575 (F, MO, US); Motozintla de Mendoza, Huixtla, 45-50 km NE along road to Motozintla, 1900 m, 28 Dec 1972, Breedlove & Thorne 31051 (MO); Siltepec, El Porvenir, 10 km NW, por camino a Siltepec, 2750 m, 17 Aug 1985, Hernéndez & Ramírez H. 901 (MEXU); Chiapa de Corzo, El Chorreadero, 5.6 miles east of Chiapa de Corzo along Mexican Highway 190, 762 m, 15 Jul 1966, Laughlin 1285 (US); Ocozocoautla de Espinosa, Chapapote to Viente Casas, 13 Nov 1964, MacDougall 449s (MEXU); Unión Juárez, en el camino Talquina-Cima de Volcán Tacana, rumbo a la linea divisoria con Guatemala, 1800 m, 20 Oct 1985, Martínez S. 14166 (MEXU); bewteen Mazapa and Motozintla, 19 Jul 1941, Matuda 4812 (F, GH, MEXU); Ocuilapa, 1036 m, 21 Aug 1895, Nelson 3031 (GH, US); Colima: Comala, Rancho El Jabalí, 20 km (airline) N of Colima in the SW foothills of the Volcán de Colima, on main ranch road near the stables, 1400 m, 21 Sep 1991, Sanders et al. 11609 (MEXU); Comala, Rancho El Jabalí, 22 km (ariline) N of Colima in the SW foothills of the Volcán de Colima, Colima/Jalisco line passes through ranch; 100 m from Lago El Epazote on the road from the ranch headquarters, 1400 m, 3 Aug 1991, Vázquez V. 1001 (MO); Guanajuato: Cerro Capulín, western slopes, just E of Mexico 43, ca. 8 km NNE of Uriangato on road to Salamanca, 1900 m, 17 Sep 1977, Iltis & Doebley 111 (F, MEXU); Puerto Nieto, 13 Aug 1947, Kenoyer 2032 (GH); San Miguel de Allende, 28 Nov 1967, Lape 1 (GH); Allende, Microondas Calderón, en el cerro de Alcoer, 2180 m, 12 Aug 1987, Mora Benítez 827 (MEXU); Moroleón, Piñícuaro, 2120 m, 26 Jul 1986, Zamudio 4162 (MEXU); Guerrero: Taxco, 14 Jun 1937, Abbott 210 (GH); Taxco, 12 Aug 1937, Abbott 358 (ECON); Mina, Manchón, 6 Jul 1937, Hinton 10516 (GH, K, US); Hidalgo: Ajacuba, Ejido Santiago Texontlale, camino que va rumbo a la Mesa Chat, cerro al NW del poblado Santiago Textontlale, sierra de Mexe, 2440 m, 14 Sep 1988, Díaz V. 207 (MEXU); Ajacuba, La Peñitas Blancas, NE del panteón de Emiliano Zapata, ladera S de la sierra Chicavasco, ejido San Nicolas Tecomatlán, 2260 m, 23 Aug 1988, Díaz V. & Valverde G. 91207 (MEXU); Metzquititlán, Barranca de Venados, 1800 m, 6 Aug 1979, Hernández M. 3610 (MEXU); Carretera Federal a Pachuca 3 km de la caseta, 9 Jul 1977, Martínez Marino 44 (MEXU); Pueblo Viejo, 9 Jul 1977, Martínez Marino 50 (MEXU); Jalisco: Autlán de Navarro, El Chante to Guisar, Sierra de Manantlán, 2160 m, 17 Aug 1980, Breedlove & Almeda 45756 (MEXU); Zapopan, Arroyo Las Coronillas, 6 km al ONO de Nexitipac, sobre el cauce del arroyo, 1500 m, 9 Aug 2001, Carrilo-Reyes 2479 (MEXU); Tuxpán, Atenquique, 1 km S por carr. a Colima, luego 9 km al O por brecha al Volcán de Colima, 1700 m, 23 Aug 1988, Fuentes O. 546 (MO); Santa Cruz de Astillero, Santa Cruz de Astillero, 1500 m, 12 Aug 1984, Hernández M. & Hernández V. 9537 (MEXU); Tonila, Cerro Alto, en al microondas, 2000 m, 12 Jul 1992, Huerta M. et al. 230 (MEXU); 1.5 km S of Rincón de Manantlán, at very base of Sierra de Manantlán, exactly 13 km due S of El Chante, 1560 m, 9 Oct 1980, Iltis & Guzmén M. 3164 (F, MEXU); Tepatitlán, Aug 1882, Kerber s.n. (A); Cihuatlán, adelante del aserradero, camino a La Cumbre, 1460 m, 15 Jun 1988, López F. et al. 733 (MEXU); Atenquique, along logging road 5 km S of Atenquique, 1829 m, 4 Aug 1965, Mertz 191 (MEXU); brecha Chalapa-Mezcala, 1590 m, 14 Jul 1974, Puga 6739 (MEXU); Tapalpa, km 22 de la brecha Tapalpa-Ve. Carranza, 2100 m, 24 Aug 1986, Rodríguez C. & Suárez J. 591 (MEXU); Michoacán: Morelia, N of Zapote, 4 Aug 1910, Arsène s.n. [5970] (K, L, US); Punguato, vicinity of Morelia, 2100 m, 16 Jul 1909, Arsène 2894 (US); Lago de Pátzcuaro, 1 km al W de San Andres Tizorondaro, 2060 m, 27 Nov 1977, Cabellero & Mapes 40 (MEXU); Cuitzeo, Jéruco, ca. 3 km al WNW, 1890 m, 14 Sep 1999, Carranza & Silva 5824 (MEXU); Lagunillas, Cerro El Águila, 3 km del poblado de Huatzanguio, 2415 m, 15 Aug 2008, Cornejo Tenorio & González Castañeda 2986 (MEXU); Jiquilpan, in and around a stone quarry on Route 110 between Km 25 and ca. 25.5 km W of Jiguilpan, 29 Aug 1966, Cruden 1231 (GH); Erongarícuaro, Oponguio, 2100 m, 5 Jul 1990, Díaz Barriga 6201 (MEXU); 2 km de Pomoca, carretera a Maravatio, 2100 m, 21 Mar 1991, Díaz Barriga et al. 6854 (MA, MEXU); Quiroga, Santa Fe de Laguna, 2200 m, 23 Oct 1985, Escobedo 465 (MEXU); Zitácuaro, Zitácuaro-Loma Larga, 15 May 1938, Hinton 11857 (GH, K, US); Coalcomán, S. Naranjillo, 15 Jul 1939, Hinton et al. 13951 (F, GH, US); Morelia, La Concepción, approx. 500 m al N, 2200 m, 10 Sep 1985, Huerta B. 160 (MEXU); Ruta 15 Morelia a Zitácuaro, ca. 10 km al E de Morelia, 2100 m, 22 Oct 1981, Lorence & Ramamoorthy 3742 (F, MEXU); Lake Cuitzeo, 9 Aug 1892, Pringle 4188 (BM, F, G, GH, GOET, K, LE, MEX, US); Tlazazalca, Tlazazalca, camino a Cerro La Cruz, 1800 m, 5 Jul 1990, Pérez & García 1344 (MEXU); Coeneo, 3 km al NE de Azajo, 2110 m, 14 Jul 1988, Ramos 142 (MEXU); Susupato, La Ziranda, 1650 m, 26 Sep 1989, Rzedowski 49012 (MEXU); Indaparapeo, 4 km al S, sobre el camino a Las Peras, 2100 m, 27 Sep 1989, Rzedowski 49037 (MO); Huaniqueo, Tendeparacua, 3 km al S, 2150 m, 21 Oct 1990, Rzedowski 50418 (MEXU); Alvaro Obregón, El Cerrito, cerca de Tzintzimeo, 1900 m, 21 Jul 1986, Santos Martínez 1579 (MEXU); Huaniqueo, Coeperio, SE del pedregal grande, 1.4 km al NE de Coeperio, 2150 m, 14 Oct 1992, Silva Saenz 406 (MEXU); 17 km al E de Morelia, en la desv. a Union Progreso, 1850 m, 24 Sep 1979, Soto N. & Ramírez S. 1748 (MEXU); Tuxpán, La Providencia, 5.3 km al SO de Malacate, 1750 m, 1 Nov 1989, Torres & Ramírez 13501 (MEXU); Contepec, El Tambor, aprox. 3 km al E de Tuxtepec, 2350 m, 25 Oct 1986, Zamudio R. & Murillo 4971 (MEXU); Morelos: Tepoztlán, bajada en el camino del Parque a Texpotlán, 21 Jul 1940, Miranda 507 (MEXU); Cuernavaca, 10 Oct 1840, Moore s.n. (K); Cerro Tepozteco, 20 km NO de Cuernavaca, 4 Jun 1987, Torres C. & Miller 9690 (F, MEXU); Tepozteco, 1800 m, 1 Oct 1971, Vázquez 3437 (MEXU); México: Temascaltepec, Real de Arriba, 1930 m, 4 Jun 1932, Hinton 835 (K, MA); Temascaltepec, Cerro Muñeca, 2300 m, 15 Aug 1932, Hinton 1360 (BM, F, G, K, MEXU, US); Temascaltepec, Temascaltepec, 1750 m, 18 Sep 1932, Hinton 1697 (BM, G, GH, K, K); Ixtapán de la Sal, Valle de Mexico, 1800 m, 2 Sep 1951, Matuda 20864 (MEXU); 3 km N of Ixtapan de la Sal along Highway 55, 1650 m, 28 Jul 1964, Mick & Roe 344 (BM); Puerta del Gato, 7 km al NW de Zitácuaro, 1950 m, 20 Jul 1964, Rzedowski 18351 (MEXU); Malinalco, carretera Malinalco-Tenancingo, poco despues de Malinalco, cima de cerros, 2180 m, 15 Jul 2001, Vibrans 7366 (MEXU); Oaxaca: San Bartolo, Aug, Andrieux 185 (G-DC, GH, K); Soyaltepec, Presa de Temazcal, a 2 km al N de los vertederos de la presa, 23 Sep 1984, Cabrera & Torres 7255 (MEXU); San Lucas Ojitlán, del poblado de El Zapotal a Mata de Caña, 60 m, 23 Jan 1989, Calzada 14291 (MEXU, MO); San Felipe Usila, Poblado Pas Escalera, senda para la cima del Cerro Paso Escalera, 450 m, 19 Oct 1989, Calzada 14997 (MEXU); Suchixtepec, 19 km al S de San José Pacifico, carretera Miahuatlán-Pochutla, Dto. Miahuatlán, 2180 m, 1 Oct 1988, Campos V. 2457 (MEXU); Presa Miguel Alemán, lado SO de la presa, 13 Feb 1982, Cedillo Trigos & Torres 1031 (MEXU); Cerro San Antonio, 1550 m, 26 Jun 1906, Conzatti 1410 (BH, GH, MEXU); San Miguel Soyaltepec, a 4 km de Temazcal camino a vertador, Dto. Tuxtepec, 60 m, 8 Mar 1986, Cortés et al. 266 (MEXU); San Pedro Teutila, El Faro, 670 m, 19 Jan 2005, Cruz Espinosa 2431 (MEXU); Tuxtepec, 21 miles S on Hwy. 175 to Oaxaca, 40 m, 30 Oct 1980, Fryxell & Lott 3224 (BH, MEXU, MO); San Juan Mixtepec, Dto. Miahuatlán, 2050 m, 13 Jul 1997, Hunn OAX-1493 (MEXU); Santa María Jacatepec, La Joya, Cerro Quemado, 500 m, 6 Nov 1986, López Vargas 363 (MEXU); San Miguel del Puerto, Llano de Horno, limite de los terrenos comunales, Dto. Pochutla, 360 m, 20 Jul 2000, López 340 (MEXU); Quiechapa, cercanias, 23 Oct 1953, MacDougal s.n. (MEXU); Chiltepec, and vicinity, Dto. Tuxtepec, 20 m, Jul 1940, Martínez Calderón 333 (A, MEXU, US); San Miguel Soyaltepec, Cerro Tepezcuintle, Torre 38 de la L.T. Temascal II-Oaxaca Potencia, 203 m, 11 Nov 2004, Martínez Feria & Juárez García 78 (MEXU); San Miguel del Puerto, 30 m de la desviación camino a Santa Catarina Janmixtepec, orilla Río Zimatán, Dto. Pochutla, 450 m, 29 Sep 2001, Pascual 16 (MEXU); San Miguel del Puerto, 3.4 km al oeste del pueste San Lorenzo, sobre la brecha a Monte Carlo, Dto. Pochutla, 690 m, 25 Sep 2001, Salas M. et al. 4001 (MEXU); San Juan del Estado, 18 Jun 1894, Smith s.n. (MEXU); San Pablo, Santa Cruz, 10-12 km al NW de Oaxaca, Distrito de Etla, 1680 m, 2 Nov 1978, Solano & Vara 305 (MEXU, MO); Temascal, 13 Dec 1961, Sousa 1093 (MEXU); Santa María Jacatepec, El Águila, al O de San Agustin, entrando por La Reforma, 28 km al SO de Tuxtepec, 550 m, 19 Jan 1988, Torres C. & Martínez S. 11034 (MEXU); San Pedro Teutila, a 400 m de la brecha a El Faro, 1 km hacia el este de Faro, 571 m, 7 Oct 2002, Velasco Gutiérrez & Juárez 83 (MEXU); Santa Cruz Itundujia, Dto. Putla, La Laguna a 2.88 km en LR (SW) de Santa Cruz Itundujia, 2181 m, 20 Jun 2008, Velasco Gutiérrez et al. 2837 (MEXU); Puebla: Puebla, Jardín del Calvarío, 2175 m, 1 Sep 1907, Arsène 2330 (GH, US); Morelia, environs, 2073 m, Aug 1840, Galeotti 1183 (G); Tehuacán, 29 Jul 1897, Pringle 7496 (BH, F, GH, GOET, K, L, US); El Riego, Jul 1905, Purpus 1285 (F, GH); Cerro de Chicamole, Aug 1909, Purpus 3969 (BM, F, GH, US); Querétaro: km 16-17 camino entre carretera a Mexico y Amealco, 2300 m, 2 Sep 1977, Argüelles 802 (MEXU); Los Cues, 2200 m, 20 Jul 1981, Argüelles 1666 (MEXU); Hacienda Ciervo, near Cadereyta, 26 Aug 1905, Rose et al. 9846 (US); Amealco, Quiotillos, 2200 m, 18 Jul 1989, Rzedowski 48594 (MEXU); Veracruz: Catemaco, ca. 3 km al E de Laguna Catemaco en el camino al Bastonal, 550 m, 11 Aug 1972, Beaman 6436 (F); Orizaba, 10 Sep 1866, Bourgeau 3054 (G, GH, K, L, LE, US); San Andrés Tuxtla, Laguna Encantada, 8 km N de San Andres Tuxtla, 300 m, 26 Jan 1978, Calzada 4223 (F, MEXU); San Andrés Tuxtla, 2 km al norte, 20 Jan 1987, Cedillo Trigos 3780 (MEXU); La Luz près Córdoba, 27 Sep 1882, Kerber 68 (BM, G, GOET, K, LE, US); Catemaco, at highest point on road from Catemaco to Sontecomapán, 5 km N of junction with road around Laguna de Catemaco, 8 km (by air) NE of Catemaco, 510 m, 6 Dec 1981, Nee 23735 (F, MO); Ixtaczoquiatlán, Orizaba, ca. 2 km N of town, south of old (non-cuota) road between Fortín and Orizaba, 1000 m, 7 Dec 1981, Nee 23837 (BH, F, GH, MEXU, MO); Jilotepec, Vista Hermosa, 1200 m, 20 Oct 1977, Ortega O. 726 (MEXU); San Andrés Tuxtla, Estación Biológica Las Tuxtlas, camino Corte Ruiz Cortinez, lote 71, 160 m, 3 Oct 1986, Sinaca Colin 1016 (MEXU); Catemaco, Cerro de Buenavista, N de Catemaco, 490 m, 3 Oct 1998, Torres R. & Campos V. 46 (MEXU); Jilotepec, Rincón del Muerto, 1400 m, 26 Apr 1971, Ventura A. 3505 (F); La Concepción, 4 km de la desviacion carretera Concepción, 1050 m, 22 Jul 1976, Zola B. 552 (F, MEXU).

Nicaragua. Estelí: Mesas Moropotente, ca 16.0 km (by road) NE of Hwy. 1 at Estelí, 1310 m, 11 Jun 1981, Henrich & Stevens 454 (BM); Estelí, km 144.5, Fundacion CECALII, 782 m, 21 Jun 2001, Rueda et al. 16497 (MO).

Figures

Figure 38. Solanum dulcamaroides Poir. (A drawn from Saunders 8220 B drawn from Nee 23837 C drawn from Nee 23735 D-F drawn from Cortes 29 G drawn from Lopez 340). Illustration by Bobbi Angell.

Figure 39. Distribution of Solanum dulcamaroides Poir.

Figure 40. Lectotype of Solanum dulcamaroides Poir. (Torner Collection plate 6331.1503). Reproduced with permission of the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. Torner Collection of Sesse and Mocino Biological Illustrations. Rights reserved.