Cremastosperma monospermum (Rusby) R.E.Fr.

Pirie, Michael D., Chatrou, Lars W. & Maas, Paul J. M., 2018, A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Cremastosperma (Annonaceae), including five new species, PhytoKeys 112, pp. 1-141 : 1

21. Cremastosperma monospermum (Rusby) R.E.Fr. Figs 1c , 23 , 30 , Map 4

Cremastosperma monospermum (Rusby) R.E.Fr., Acta Horti Bergiani 10: 193. 1931.

Cymbopetalum monospermum Rusby, Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 6: 505 ( “Symbopetalum”). 1910.

Type.

BOLIVIA, La Paz: San Buenaventura, 470 m a.s.l., 12 Nov 1901, Williams, R.S. 670 (holotype: NY [NY00025876]; isotype: K! [K000485528]).

Cremastosperma juruense R.E.Fr., Acta Horti Bergiani 12: 282. 1937.

Type.

BRAZIL, Amazonas: Basin of Rio Juruá; near mouth of Rio Embira (tributary of Rio Tarauacá), 6 Jun 1933, Krukoff, B.A. 4697 (holotype: NY! [NY00025861]; isotype: S! [S-R-7933]).

Cremastosperma monospermum (Rusby) R.E.Fr. var. brachypodum R.E.Fr., Acta Horti Bergiani 12: 559. 1939.

Type.

BRAZIL, Pará: Boa Vista on the Tapajós River, 5 May 1929; Dahlgren & Sella 162 (holotype: S! [S-R-7011]; isotypes: B! [B 10 0242367], F! [V0054582F]).

Description.

Tree or shrub, 1-12 m tall, 4-10 cm diam.; young twigs and petioles glabrous. Leaves: petioles 5-10 by 1-3 mm; lamina obovate, elliptic or narrowly so, (8-)10-35 by 4-12 cm (index 2-3.5), chartaceous, green to brown, darker above, veins often reddish below, glabrous on both sides or rarely sparsely covered with appressed whitish to 0.4 mm long hairs on primary vein below, base acute to obtuse, rarely narrowly cuneate, mostly decurrent, apex acuminate to caudate (acumen/cusp 5-30 mm long), primary vein 1-2 mm wide at widest point, secondary veins 6-10, intersecondary veins 0-3, distance between from 10-18 mm at the base to 12-24 mm closer to the apex, angles with primary vein from 70-80° at the base to 40-50° closer to the apex, rarely branching, forming mostly distinct loops, smallest distance between loops and margin 2-6 mm, tertiary veins mostly reticulate. Inflorescence of single flowers solitary (or clustered in groups of 2), on leafy or leafless twigs; peduncles 2-10 by 0.5-1 mm (in flower), 2-10 by 1.5-2 mm (in fruit), sparsely covered with appressed to erect golden to 0.1 mm long hairs or glabrous; pedicels 40-50(-70) by 0.5-1 mm at the base (in flower), (12-)22-73 by 1-1.5 mm (in fruit), green or reddish in vivo, glabrous; 2 lower bracts, deltate, ca. 0.8 by 0.8 mm (occasionally large and leafy), obtuse, soon falling off, sparsely covered with appressed golden 0.1 mm long hairs or glabrous; upper bract mostly attached around half way along pedicel, narrowly ovate or deltate, 1-2.5 by ca. 1 mm, acute, obtuse, rounded or truncate, outer side sparsely covered with appressed golden 0.1 mm long hairs or glabrous; closed flower buds broadly ovoid-triangular, remaining closed (or nearly so) throughout development; flowers green, maturing to creamy yellow, yellow or orange in vivo, dark or reddish-brown or black in sicco; sepals and petals glabrous, sepals free or connate for ca. 1 mm, broadly ovate or deltate, appressed, patent or recurved, 2-4 by 2-3 mm, acute or obtuse, mostly soon falling off; outer petals ovate, 9-14 by 6-8 mm, inner petals elliptic to ovate or narrowly so, 10-13 by 4-5 mm; androecium not seen; gynoecium not seen. Monocarps 10-29, ellipsoid to broadly so, slightly asymmetrical, 9-11 by 7-8 mm, green maturing to pink, maroon, red or (blue-) black in vivo, brown, dark or reddish-brown or black in sicco, with an excentric apicule; stipes (6-)8-15 by 1 mm; fruiting receptacle 3-8 mm diam., monocarps, stipes and receptacle glabrous. Seeds broadly ovoid, reddish-brown, pitted, pits appear black with raised rim, 8-10 by 6-7 mm, raphe sunken, regular.

Distribution.

Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Pando), Brazil (Acre, Pará, Rondônia) and widespread across Peru.

Habitat and ecology.

Primary and secondary lowland forest, occasionally on poorly drained soils or brown latosols. At elevations of 200-500 m. Flowering: April, July - December; fruiting: throughout the year.

Vernacular names.

Bolivia: Yohisi (Chacobo; Boom 5039), huabu midha (Bourdy 1828). Peru: Ayacbara (Schunke V. 2554).

Notes.

Cremastosperma monospermum is the most widespread species of the genus - the only one found both along the eastern foothills of the Andes as far south as Bolivia and across Brazil south of the Amazon. It is best distinguished by the shape of the flower bud: roughly triangular with an obtuse apex, apparently remaining closed throughout development, with the petals not opening fully even at maturity. In most other species of the genus, including the otherwise very similar C. confusum (see notes under that species), the flower bud opens during development. Cremastosperma pendulum and C. yamayakatense also exhibit glabrous, closed flower buds, but the shape of both is depressed ovoid. The latter also has a short, sturdy pedicel, very different to C. monospermum , the flower of which is borne on a slender and often long (though rather variable) pedicel.

The authors do not consider it useful to recognise sub-specific taxa within C. monospermum . The variation in stipe length and thickness represented by the type of var. brachypodum , described by Fries (1939), falls within that of the species as a whole and is therefore synonymised here.

Preliminary conservation status.

Cremastosperma monospermum is the most widespread and abundant species of the genus, including occurrences in protected areas in Brazil and Peru. Least concern [LC] (Table 1 ).

Selected specimens examined.

BOLIVIA. Beni: Chácobo, 11°45'S, 66°02'W, 200 m a.s.l., 15 Apr 1984, Boom 5039 (K, LPB, MO, NY, U); Río Beni above Río Qui, 14°48'S, 67°23'W, 320 m a.s.l., 22 May 1990, Daly et al. 6573 (LPB, MO, NY, U); Río Beni, Rurrenabaque, 14°28'S, 67°30'W, 320 m a.s.l., 25 May 1990, Daly et al. 6630 (NY, U); San Borja, 15°10'S, 66°28'W, 250 m a.s.l., 23 Nov 1988, R.B. Foster et al. 12549 (F, LPB, U); Bosque de Chimanes, 15°30'S, 66°15'W, 250 m a.s.l., 27 Oct 1989, R.B. Foster & Terceros 13422 (U); Prov. José Ballivián, Carinavi-San Borja road, 15°17'S, 67°04'W, 850-900 m a.s.l., 1 Nov 1989, D.N. Smith & V. Garcia 13834 (LPB); Bosque de Producción Permanente Chimanes, 15°10'S, 66°37'W, 260 m a.s.l., 25 Aug 1990, D.N. Smith et al. 14216 (LPB, MO). La Paz: Luisita, 13°50'S, 67°15'W, 180 m a.s.l., 27 Feb 1984, Beck & Haase 10092 (LPB, MO, U); Santa Fé, 13°40'S, 68°12'W, 250 m a.s.l., 5 Aug 1995, DeWalt et al. 662 (LPB, U, WU); Puerto Muscoso, 13°01'S, 68°50'W, 190 m a.s.l., 25 Jun 1995, Helme & Kruger 742 (LPB, MO, U); Alto Beni, Sapecho, 15°30'S, 67°20'W, 550 m a.s.l., 3 Apr 1989, Seidel 2674 (LPB, U). Pando: Manuripi, 11°40'S, 68°00'W, 18 Aug 1990, G. Gonzales 53 (LPB); Puerto América, 11°35'S, 68°03'W, 180 m a.s.l., 9 Sep 1995, Jardim 2408 (U); Agua Clara, 11°44'20"S, 67°02'40"W, 13 Nov 2001, Pirie et al. 4 (U); Puerto Rico, road to Cobija, 11°03'25"S, 67°47'46"W, 175 m a.s.l., 15 Nov 2001, Pirie et al. 5 (U). BRAZIL. Acre: Fazenda Bom Sossego, 7°40'S, 73°09'W, 27 Sep 1985, Campbell et al. 9026 (U); Seringal Porongaba, 10°51'S, 68°48'W, 23 May 1991, Daly et al. 6686 (MO, NY, U); Mun. Rio Branco, BR 317, 10°30'S, 67°45'W, 8 Jun 1991, Daly et al. 6909 (MO, NY, U); Reserva Extrativista do Alto Jurua, 8°55'S, 72°31'W, 11 Mar 1992, Daly et al. 7347 (MO, NY, U); Mun. Porto Acre, 9°45'S, 67°38'W, 3 Nov 1993, Daly et al. 8043 (NY, U); Mun. Cruzeiro do Sul, 8°13'41"S, 73°02'22"W, 11 May 2003, Daly et al. 11719 (NY); Mun. Tarauacá, Seringal Universo, 8°25'S, 71°19'W, 15 Jun 1995, Figueiredo et al. 853 (U); Rio Muru, Seringal Vitoria Velha, 8°26'S, 70°49'W, 20 Jun 1995, Figueiredo et al. 906 (U); Mun. Sena Madureira, Rio Macaua, 9°24'S, 68°54'W, 3 Apr 1994, L. Lima et al. 582 (NY); Rio Branco-Porto Acre road, 10°00'S, 67°50'W, 11 Oct 1980, Nelson 680 (U); Riozinho do Andirá, colocação Curitiba, 9°43'45"S, 68°08'53"W, 6 Jun 1998, A.R.S. Oliveira et al. 488 (WAG); Porto Walter, Rio Juruá Mirim, 8°07'S, 72°49'W, 31 May 1994, Silveira et al. 767 (NY, U); Tarauacá, 9°25'45"S, 68°40'00"W, 18 Jun 2006, Silveira et al. 3796 (L); Mun. Tarauacá, Rio Liberdade, 7°18'49"S, 66°01'46"W, 18 Jun 2006, Silveira et al. 3811 (L); Floresta Estadual do Antimary, 9°25'45"S, 68°04'00"W, 8 Jul 2006, Silveira et al. 4171 (L). Mato Grosso: Mun. Alta Floresta, 10°07'S, 57°30'W, 29 Sep 1985, Cid Ferreira et al. 6301 (F, GH, K, MICH, NY, U, US). Pará: Itaituba, 7°40'S, 55°15'W, 14 May 1983, M.N. Silva 322 (MO, NY, U, US); Serra dos Carajás, 5°49'S, 50°32'W, 225-250 m a.s.l., 15 Jun 1982, Sperling et al. 6198 (GH, K, MO, NY, U). Rondônia: Mun. Costa Marques, Chapada dos Parecís, 11°12'S, 62°63'W, 14 Jun 1984, Cid Ferreira et al. 4507 (MO, NY, U); Espigão de Oeste, 11°12'S, 60°61'W, 20 Jun 1984, Cid Ferreira et al. 4673 (F, GH, MO, NY, U, US); Ariquemes, 10°00'S, 62°59'W, 200 m a.s.l., 15 Mar 1987, Nee 34402 (U); Campo Novo, 10°38'S, 63°37'W, 300 m a.s.l., 23 Apr 1987, Nee 34992 (MO); Porto Velho, Campo Novo, road to Ariquemes, 10°35'S, 63°30'W, 300 m a.s.l., 25 Apr 1987, Nee 35033 (U); Ariquemes, Mineração Mibrasa, 10°35'S, 63°35'W, 15 May 1982, Teixeira 480 (MO, U). PERU. Huánuco: Pucallpa, western Sira mountain, 9°28'S, 74°47'W, 680 m a.s.l., 7 Apr 1988, Wallnöfer 112 7488 (U). Loreto: Quebrada Shesha, Río Abujao, 8°20'S, 73°45'W, 14 Dec 1978, C. Díaz et al. 825 (NY, U); Shucushayacu, Río Huallaga, 6°01'S, 75°55'W, 180 m a.s.l., 11 Oct 1985, Gentry et al. 52233 (MO, U); Pongo de Manseriche, 4°26'S, 77°34'W, 650 m a.s.l., 25 Nov 1997, R. Rojas et al. 666 (F, MO); Canchahuayo, Río Ucayali, 7°05'S, 75°10'W, 500 m a.s.l., 25 Nov 1985, Vásquez et al. 6932 (F, U); Yanamono Explorama Reserve, 3°28'S, 72°50'W, 106 m a.s.l., 3 Oct 1989, Vásquez & N. Jaramillo 12829 (MO, MOL, U). Madre de Dios: Tambopata, Río Heath, 12°39'S, 68°44'W, 210 m a.s.l., 22 May 1996, M. Aguilar & Castro 764 (U, USM); Cuzco Amazónico, 15 km ENE of Puerto Maldonado, 12°35'S, 69°05'W, 200 m a.s.l., 14 Dec 1989, Gentry et al. 68663 (MO, USM); Inkaterra Ecological Reserve, 12°35'S, 69°09'W, 190 m a.s.l., 30 Aug 2006, Monteagudo et al. 12749 (WAG); Tambopata, 12°33'S, 69°03'W, 200 m a.s.l., 27 May 1989, Núñez et al. 10589 (MO); Cuzco Amazónico Lodge, 12°35'S, 69°03'W, 200 m a.s.l., 13 May 1990, Núñez & Timaná 12152 (U); Collpa de Blanquillo, Río Madre de Dios, 12°27'S, 70°41'W, 200 m a.s.l., 11 May 1995, Núñez 16303 (USM); Cuzco Amazónico, 12°05'S, 69°03'W, 200 m a.s.l., 21 Jun 1989, Phillips et al. 545 (MO, U); Las Piedras, Cusco Amazónico, 12°29'S, 69°03'W, 200 m a.s.l., 25 Feb 1991, Timaná 1537 (MO); Puerto Maldonado, Cusco Amazónico, 12°32'S, 69°03'W, 220 m a.s.l., 20 May 2003, L. Valencia & Suclli 2205 (U). Ucayali: Peru-Brazil border, Quebrada Sapallal, 8°02'S, 73°55'W, 260 m a.s.l., 19 Jun 1987, Gentry & C. Diaz 58434 (USM); Prov. Purus, Distr. Purus, Río Caranja, 10°04'S, 71°06'W, 325 m a.s.l., 17 Jul 1998, Graham 605 (F); Prov. Coronel Portillo, Iparia, el Sira, 9°25'57"S, 74°32'47"W, 350-400 m a.s.l., 21 Sep 2007, Graham 4706 (L); Prov. Coronel Portillo, Calleria, 8°09'13"S, 74°15'48"W, 150-175 m a.s.l., 26 Feb 2003, Schunke V. 15223 (F).

Figures

Figure 1. Flowers of Cremastosperma. Fig. 11 from van Heusden (1992). a C. microcarpum: longitudinal section b C. oblongum R. E. Fr.: longitudinal section c C. monospermum (Rusby) R. E. Fr.: bud d C. gracilipes R. E. Fr.: flower e, f C. cauliflorum R. E. Fr.: longitudinal section (e) and stamen (f) g C. microcarpum: carpel (a Maas et al. 6281 b Maas et al. 4592 c Nelson 763 d Luteyn et al. 4890 e, f Holm-Nielsen et al. 21501 g Prance et al. 3527).

Map 4. Distribution of Cremastosperma brevipes (DC.) R. E. Fr.; C. gracilipes R. E. Fr.; C. monospermum (Rusby) R. E. Fr.

Figure 23. a, b Cremastosperma leiophyllum R. E. Fr. a flower b fruit (Pirie et al. 2; photo LWC) c, d Cremastosperma megalophyllum R. E. Fr. c habit (Maas et al. 8577, photo: PJMM), fruit (Maas et al. 8595, photo PJMM) e-g C. microcarpum R. E. Fr. e fruit (Maas et al. 6281; photo PJMM) f, g flower (Maas et al 8222; photo PJMM) h-j C. monospermum (Rusby) R. E. Fr. h habit i leaves j flower bud (Pirie et al. 5; photos LWC) k, l C. oblongum R. E. Fr. k flower l fruit (Maas et al. 9148; photos PJMM) m-o C. osicola. m fruit n flower o leaf and flower with scale bar (photos Reinaldo Aguilar).

Figure 30. Cremastosperma monospermum (Rusby) R. E. Fr. a fruiting specimen b flower buds (a Nunez & Timana 12152 b Cid Ferreira et al. 6301).