Parascombrops

Schwarzhans, Werner W. & Prokofiev, Artem M., 2017, Reappraisal of Synagrops Günther, 1887 with rehabilitation and revision of Parascombrops Alcock, 1889 including description of seven new species and two new genera (Perciformes: Acropomatidae), Zootaxa 4260 (1), pp. 1-74 : 26-27

Key to the species of the genus Parascombrops

1 Pelvic-fin spine, second spine of D1 and second spine of anal fin serrated........................................ 2

- Only pelvic-fin spine serrated........................................................................... 4

2 Spine of D2 serrated; pseudobranchials 16–21; no ridges on preopercle; first anal-fin pterygiophore broad, hollow; otolith compressed (OL:OH = 1.35–1.40).......................................................... P. serratospinosus

- Spine of D2 smooth; pseudobranchials 24–31; 1–3 ridges on preopercle; first anal-fin pterygiophore pointed, not hollow; oto- lith elongate (OL:OH = 1.70–1.80)....................................................................... 3

3 Orbit 8.6–10.9% SL; HL 31.3–35.2% SL; predorsal length 33.3–39.8% SL; pseudobranchials 24–28; OL:OH = 1.75–1.80; otolith rim considerably higher mid-dorsal than postdorsal............................................. P. spinosus

- Orbit 10.8–12.8% SL; HL 37.0–39.8% SL; predorsal length 39.5–42.2% SL; pseudobranchials 29–31; OL:OH = 1.70; post- dorsal angle strong, about as high as mid-dorsal rim........................................... P. mochizukii n. sp.

4 Dense, elongate tooth patch on tongue; large diamond-shaped vomerine tooth patch with granular teeth only................................................................................................... P. glossodon n. sp.

- No tooth patch on tongue; vomerine tooth patch V-shaped or triangular, often with long teeth at rear.................. 5

5 Dentary without lateral fangs............................................................. P. parvidens n. sp.

- Dentary with 2–4 lateral fangs.......................................................................... 6

6 Anal fin with III spines and 6 soft rays (> 65 mm SL); first anal-fin pterygiophore broad, hollow, with forward bent and wid- ened tip....................................................................................... P. analis

- Anal fin always with II spines and 7 soft rays; first anal-fin pterygiophore broad or slender, hollow or pointed, without forward bent or widened tip....................................................................................7

7 Pectoral fin reaching anterior insertion of anal fin, 27–31% SL; gill rakers 19–25......................... P. pellucidus

- Pectoral fin not reaching anterior insertion of anal fin, 20–27% SL; gill rakers 11–18................................8

8 Snout profile blunt ( Fig. 7D, M ); maximal body height 30–34% SL otolith compressed (OL:OH = 1.5–1.6) (not known for P. madagascariensis ).................................................................................... 9

- Snout profile rounded ( Fig. 7D, M ) or pointed ( Fig. 7F, J ) maximal body height 21–29% SL; otoliths moderately elongate to elongate (OL:OH = 1.65–2.1)......................................................................... 10

9 Vomerine tooth patch triangular, with one continuous row of long teeth posteriorly ( Fig. 9D ); palatine and ectopterygoid tooth bands narrow with 1–2 rows of denticles ( Fig. 9D ); preopercle always without spike; first anal-fin pterygiophore long, slightly curved toward tip; otolith not known................................................. P. madagascariensis n. sp.

- Vomerine tooth patch V-shaped, anteriorly with reduced dentition, posteriorly 1–2 long teeth ( Fig. 10F ); ectopterygoid tooth band wide with 3–6 rows of denticles, palatine tooth band narrow with 1–2 rows of denticles ( Fig. 10F ); preopercle usually with spike (in 80% of specimens examined); first anal-fin pterygiophore straight; otolith rims intensely crenulated on rear part..................................................................................... P. yamanouei n. sp.

10 First anal-fin pterygiophore hollow, with broad tip; preopercle without ridges ( Fig. 11E )............................ 11

- First anal-fin pterygiophore thin, not hollow; preopercle with 1–3 ridges ( Fig. 11D )............................... 12

11 Head slender with tapering snout profile; snout 87–113 % of orbital diameter; vomer without or with few granular teeth anteriorly and 2–4 long teeth posteriorly; dentition on ectopterygoid widened with 3–4 rows versus only 1 row on palatine ( Fig. 9F )..................................................................................... P. nakayamai n. sp.

- Head stout; snout 68–90 % of orbital diameter; vomer with 1 to 3 rows granular teeth anteriorly and 1 to 3 long teeth posteriorly; 1–2 rows of denticles on palatine and on narrow ectopterygoid ( Fig. 10B )........................ P. philippinensis

12 Dorsal head profile slightly convex ( Fig. 17 ); otoliths moderately elongate (OL:OH = 1.65–1.85), with distinct mediodorsal angle; pseudobranchials 26–38 (SL 66–183 mm), down to 22 in smallest specimen (SL 53 mm); first soft anal-fin ray branched at tip; large fish attaining sizes to 183 mm SL...................................................... P. argyreus

- Dorsal head profile strongly convex ( Fig. 22 ); otoliths elongate (OL:OH = 1.90–2.10), dorsally flat; pseudobranchials 19–25; first soft anal-fin ray not branched at tip ( Fig. 6G ); fishes not exceeding 90 mm SL....................... P. ohei n. sp.

Figures

FIGURE 6 A – H. Spine serrations in Parascombrops: A, C, serrated first dorsal fin spine (6 A = Parascombrops serratospinosus, AMS I. 22822 - 017, 72 mm SL; 6 C = Parascombrops spinosus, USNM 395230, 95.5 mm SL); B, serrated second dorsal fin spine (Parascombrops serratospinosus, AMS I. 22822 - 017, 72 mm SL); D, second dorsal fin spines smooth (Parascombrops spinosus, USNM 395230, 95.5 mm SL); E, serrated spine in pelvic fin (Parascombrops madagascariensis n. sp., MNHN 2008 - 1769, holotype, 68.5 mm SL); F, in anal fin spine serrated (Parascombrops serratospinosus, AMS I. 22822 - 0 17, 72 mm SL); G, anal fin with two spines, one unbranched soft ray and six branched soft rays (Parascombrops ohei n. sp., BSKU 72614, holotype, 75 mm SL); H, anal fin with three spines and six soft rays (Parascombrops analis, MNHN 1998 - 1056, 82 mm SL).

FIGURE 7 A – Q. Head profiles of Parascombrops, Caraibops, Kaperangus, Synagrops and Ƒerilus pseudomicrolepis. A, Parascombrops analis, MNHN 1998 - 1056, 82 mm SL; B, Parascombrops argyreus, ZMUC P 44272, 122 mm SL; C, Parascombrops glossodon n. sp., BMNH 1986.10. 9.79. 85, paratype, 4 mm SL; D, Parascombrops madagascariensis n. sp., MNHN 2008 - 1769, holotype, 68.5 mm SL; E, Parascombrops mochizukii n. sp., NMMBA-P 782, holotype, 166 mm SL; F, Parascombrops nakayamai n. sp., BSKU 102255, holotype, SL 97 mm; G, Parascombrops ohei n. sp., BSKU 72614, holotype, 75 mm SL; H, Parascombrops parvidens n. sp., BSKU 98886, holotype, 57.5 mm SL; I, Parascombrops pellucidus, USNM 44428, 64.5 mm SL; J, Parascombrops philippinensis, ZMA 112.453 (paralectotype of P. malyanus), 52 mm SL; K, Parascombrops serratospinosus, CAS 238016, 67.5 mm SL; L, Parascombrops spinosus, USNM 395230, 95.5 mm SL; M, Parascombrops yamanouei n. sp., NMMB-P 23097, paratype, 70 mm SL; N, Caraibops trispinosus, CAS 61040, 97.5 mm SL; O, Kaperangus microlepis, CAS 222834, 78.5 mm SL; P, Synagrops japonicus, ZMUC P 44324, 159 mm SL; 7 Q, Ƒerilus pseudomicrolpis, CAS 61164, 91 mm SL.

FIGURE 9 A – H. Dentition on vomer, palatines and ectopterygoids: A, Parascombrops analis, AMS I. 20919 - 038, 107.5 mm SL; B, Parascombrops argyreus (B 1 = view of mouth roof, BPBM 23829, 119 mm SL; B 2 = lateral close-up view of left palatine and ectopterygoid, MNHN 1998 - 1041, 92 mm SL); C, Parascombrops glossodon n. sp., AMS I. 21835 - 026, paratype, 72 mm SL; D, Parascombrops madagascariensis n. sp., MNHN 1988 - 1443, paratype, 62 mm SL; E, Parascombrops mochizukii n. sp., NMMB-P 3887, paratype, 98 mm SL; F, Parascombrops nakayamai n. sp., AMS I. 2449 - 008, paratype, 93.5 mm SL; G, Parascombrops parvidens n. sp., BSKU 99887, paratype, 58 mm SL; H, Parascombrops ohei n. sp., BSKU 0 63370, paratype, 87 mm SL.

FIGURE 10 A – H. Dentition of vomer, palatines and ectopterygoids: A, Parascombrops pellucidus, USNM 392727, 84 mm SL; B, Parascombrops philippinensis, BMNH 2016.9. 14.1, paralectotype, 74 mm SL; C, Parascombrops serratospinosus, BSKU 16827, 67 mm SL; 10 D, Parascombrops spinosus, MNHN 1989 - 0411, 82 mm SL; E, Kaperangus microlepis, CAS 222834, 96.5 mm SL; F, Parascombrops yamanouei n. sp., NMMB-P 11343, paratype, 82 mm SL; G, Caraibops trispinosus, CAS 61040, 97.5 mm SL; H, Ƒerilus pseudomicrolepis, CAS 61164, 91 mm SL.

FIGURE 11 A – E. Preopercular serrations: A, inner and outer edges serrated, serrations of outer edge extending onto preopercle as radial crests (Kaperangus microlepis, CAS 222834, 78.5 mm SL); B, inner and outer edges serrated, serration of outer edge extending onto preopercle as radial crests, and small spike present at upper central portion (Parascombrops analis, MNHN 1998 - 1056, 82 mm SL); C, inner and outer edges serrated, no serrations on preopercle, two ridges on central portion of preopercle (Parascombrops argyreus, BPBM 23839, 118 mm SL); D, inner and outer edges serrated, serrations of outer edge extending onto preopercle as radial crests, and one ridge on central portion of preopercle (Parascombrops parvidens n. sp., BSKU 15221, paratype, 74 mm SL); E, inner and outer edges serrated, no serrations or ridges on preopercle (Parascombrops philippinensis, BMNH 1879.5. 14.167, lectotype, 70 mm SL). Right images show characters enhanced by drawing and annotation.

FIGURE 17 A – B. Parascombrops argyreus (Gilbert & Cramer, 1897); A, BPBM 23852, 120 mm SL; B, AMS I. 42758 - 006, 120 mm SL.

FIGURE 22 A – B. Parascombrops ohei n. sp.; holotype, BSKU 72614, 75 mm SL.