Pharnaciini Günther, 1953

Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V., 2008, Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Günther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: " Anareolatae ": Phasmatidae), Zootaxa 1906, pp. 1-316 : 80-81

Pharnaciini Günther, 1953

Type genus: Pharnacia Stål, 1877a: 40 .

Pharnaciini Günther, 1953: 555 (in part).

Bradley & Galil, 1977: 193 (in part).

Bragg, 2001: 376.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 13 (in part).

Acrophyllini Redtenbacher, 1908: 436 (in part).

Giglio-Tos, 1910: 43.

Acrophyllidae Bruner, 1915: 41 .

Bacteridae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893: 80 & 83 (in part).

Baculini Günther, 1953: 555 (in part).

Clitumnini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 181 (in part).

Giglio-Tos, 1910: 16 (in part).

Carl, 1913: 12 (in part).

Hermarchini Zompro, 1997: 38 (in part).

Lonchodidae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893: 80–81 (in part).

Phasminae Karny, 1923: 240 (in part).

Phryganistriinae Kirby, 1904a: 358 (in part).

Kirby, 1904b: 432 (in part).

Description: Large to very large (body length 113–357 mm), stick-like ± slender Phasmatinae ; body cylindrical. Sexual dimorphism obvious. No ocelli. Antennae shorter than fore legs but distinctly longer than head and pronotum combined and consisting of less than 45 segments, antennomeres longer than wide. Antennae of ♂♂ considerably longer in ♀♀. Scapus simple, not considerably dilated laterally. Mesothorax elongate, longer than metanotum and at least 1.5x longer than head and pronotum combined, usually unarmed but rarely covered with minute granules or single spines. Mesosternum simple or with a ± distinct median keel. ♀♀ apterous. ♂♂ either apterous, brachypterous or with well developed alae; alae not reaching apex of abdomen. Anal region of alae plain transparent grey or brown, no conspicuous markings or colouration. Tegmina rudimentary, scale-like or spatulate and at best covering bases of alae. Median segment longer than metanotum in alate ♂♂, as long as or shorter than metanotum in apterous ♂♂ and ♀♀;> 1/8 the length of metanotum. Abdominal segments II–VI ± parallel-sided, of uniform width in ♂♂. Tergite VII usually with more or less prominent lateral lobes or foliaceous dilations (♀♀ in particular). Sternum VII of ♀♀ often with a ± distinct praeopercular organ; if present then formed by one or two tubercles, spines or ± prominent, triangular lobes at posterior margin. Supraanal plate very small and indistinct, much shorter than anal segment; with a median carina or keel. Anal segment of ♀♀ with a distinct excavation or notch posteromedially, posterolateral angles ± elevated. Semi-tergites of anal segment of ♂♂ usually longer than tergite IX with the apex rounded, triangular or ± strongly elongated and finger-like. Interior surfaces of semi-tergites densely covered with minute teeth in apical portion. Vomer of ♂♂ strongly reduced and hardly visible from externally, rarely produced as a filiform organ hidden underneath paraproct. Gonapophyses of ♀♀ elongate, filiform and up-curving, usually reaching to or slightly projecting over posterior margin of anal segment. Cerci small and considerably shorter than anal segment, cylindrical or oval in cross-section, may be conspicuously laterally compressed and sickle-shaped. Subgenital plate of ♀♀ strongly keeled, either short and boat-shaped, or considerably elongated and lancetlike. Poculum of ♂♂ bulgy and cup-like, sometimes with a ± spine at the angle. Legs elongate, with most carinae ± strongly serrate and/or armed with single enlarged teeth or foliaceous lobes (♀♀ in particular). Medioventral carina of profemora (at least in ♀♀) distinct, strongly elevated and ledge-like. Anterodorsal carina of meso- and metatibiae of ♀♀ with a ± prominent rounded apical lobe. Basitarsi longer than following three tarsomeres combined, often with a ± strongly raised dorsal carina.

Eggs: Capsule medium-sized to large, spherical or lens-shaped, occasionally with a dorsoventral keeled. Surface smooth and glossy, distinctly punctured or otherwise structured. Internal micropylar plate open, median line present. Capitulum hat-like and with a distinct stalk.

Distribution: Spread over almost the complete Oriental Region. The centre of distribution with the proportional highest density of taxa is Sundaland. Representatives have so far been recorded from: India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sikkim, Darjeeling, Myanmar, Southern China and the Hainan Peninsular, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Palawan, Sumatra, Banka Island prope Sumatra, Java and the Philippines.