Pharnacia kalag Zompro, 2005

Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V., 2008, Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Günther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: " Anareolatae ": Phasmatidae), Zootaxa 1906, pp. 1-316 : 107-110

Pharnacia kalag Zompro, 2005

( Figs. 100, 147–148, 208, 320–321, 374, 425–426)

Pharnacia kalag Zompro, 2005a: 73 , figs. 3–6. HT, ♀: Mindanao Id, Bukidnon Prov., Katanglad Mts, Lantapan , 1000– 1300 m, IV.1991, leg. A. Buenafe (coll. OZ); PT, ♀: same data as holotype (ANIC); PT, ♀: same data as holotype ( BMNH) ; PT, ♀: same data as holotype ( MCSN) ; PT, ♀: same data as holotype ( MHNG) ; PT, ♀: same data as holotype ( MNHN) ; PT, ♀: same data as holotype ( NHMW) ; PT, ♀: same data as holotype ( ZMUH) ; PT, 5 ♀♀, 1 egg: same data as holotype ( UPPC) ; PT, 8 ♀♀, 1 egg: same data as holotype (coll. OZ) .

Otte & Brock, 2005: 265.

Lit & Eusebio, 2008: 117, figs. 2b, e.

Further material: [3 ♀♀, 1 male, eggs]:

PHILIPPINES (Mindanao Id.):

1 ♀: Philippines, Mindanao, Bukidnon Province, 1000–1300 m, Katanglad Mountains , Lantapan , IV.1991, leg. A. Buenafe, ex coll. OZ (coll. FH, No. 0449-1) ; 18 eggs: Philippines, Mindanao Id., South Cotabato Prov., Tampakan 1300 m, leg. B. Mabanta III.2008 (coll. FH, No. 0449-E) ; 2 ♀♀: Philippines: Malaybalay , Bukidnon, II.1987, BMNH (E) 2005- 98, Phobaeticus sp. det. P. Brock 2005 ( BMNH). 1 ♂: Tampakan field trails, South Cotabato, Mindanao, Philippines; ex culture J. Bresseel 2007 )

Diagnosis: Closely related to P. tirachus ( Westwood, 1859) from Java and Peninsular Malaysia, and Ph. heros Redtenbacher, 1908 from Java. From the it is distinguished by: the more robust body; more oval and less elongate head, and smaller but more acute dorsal serrations of the profemora of both sexes, as well as having at best one ± distinctly enlarged lobe on the anterodorsal carina of the protibiae (3–4 in tirachus ); distinctly dentate ventral carinae of the mesofemora and differently shaped lateral lobes of abdominal tergite VII in ♀♀ and a relatively longer anal segment of ♂♂. The eggs differ considerably in being less globose and having the micropylar plate almost triangular, with the posterolateral extensions very short.

From Ph. heros ♀♀ may be distinguished by: the longer and more elongate body; relatively longer body segments; broader lateral lobe of abdominal tergite VII; not densely serrate dorsal carina of the protibiae and different armature of the mid and hind legs (Figs. 320–321). ♂♂ are very similar ot those of Ph. heros but differ by: the less globose and conspicuously marked vertex (Fig. 426); slightly shorter alae; less distinct apical lobe of the meso- and metatibiae and more acutely triangular apex of the semi-tergites of the anal segment.

Etymology: “ Kalag ” is a Cebuano word meaning soul, ghost or spirit ( Zompro, 2005a: 74).

Description: ♀♀ ( Fig. 100): Long to very long (body length 196.0–228.0 mm) and slender (maximum body width 8.0–9.0 mm) for the genus. General colouration of body and legs mid to dark brown with irregular whitish speckles and markings. Meso- and metafemora usually with a ± decided black and white sub-basal band, and corresponding tibiae often with a faint, irregular pale transverse band pre-medially. Eyes dark greyish or reddish brown. Two basal segments and apical half of antennae dark brown, remaining portion reddish brown

Head: Oval, almost 1.8x longer than wide, vertex slightly convex. Between the bases of the antennae with a small, slightly curved depression. Eyes small, circular and moderately convex; their length contained almost 4x in that of cheek. Antennae reaching about 1/3 the way along mesonotum, with about 27 segments. Scapus dorsoventrally flattened, parallel-sided and about 2.5x longer than wide. Pedicellus one third the length of scapus, round in cross-section.

Thorax: Pronotum narrower and about 2/3 the length of head, about 1.3x longer than wide; anterior margin narrower than posterior margin. Median transverse depression short, slightly curved and not reaching lateral margins of segment. Mesothorax moderately constricted anteriorly and about 2.4x longer than head and pronotum combined. Mesonotum parallel-sided and with a faint longitudinal median line. Metanotum slightly less than half the length of mesonotum, 3x longer than wide, parallel-sided. Meso- and metasternum smooth.

Abdomen: Median segment slightly shorter than metanotum but longer than tergite II, about 2.5x longer than wide and parallel-sided. Segments II–VI increasing in length, II 2x, V and VI almost 4x longer than wide; all parallel-sided. Tergite V with a scale-like posteromedian tubercle. VII ¾ the length of VI and posterolaterally dilated into an roundly triangular lobe which projects by about 1/3 of the body width. Tergite VIII narrower than previous segments, about ¾ the length of VII, strongly convex and slightly constricted medially. IX parallel-sided, indistinctly longer than wide, 2/3 the length of VIII. Anal segment longer than IX with a fine median carina. Posterior margin with a small semi-circular median indention, posterolateral angles rounded. Supraanal plate small, transverse and with a fine median keel. Cerci small sub-oval in cross-section, tapered towards the apex. Gonapophyses elongate, up-curving and slightly projecting over anal segment. Subgenital plate distinctly keeled, boat-shaped and reaching to posterior margin of anal segment (Fig. 208).

Legs (Figs. 320–321): All moderately long and slender, profemora slightly longer than mesothorax, mesofemora a little shorter than mesothorax, metafemora reaching half way along abdominal segment V and hind tarsi not or just reaching apex of abdomen. Anterodorsal carina of profemora with 15–20 prominent and acute serrations; posteroventral carina more minutely and sparingly serrate. Anterodorsal carina of protibiae densely serrate and occasionally with an enlarged, roughly triangular median lobe; ventral carinae minutely serrate. Meso- and metafemora with one, two or three ± prominent triangular teeth or lobes on the anterodorsal carina, otherwise sparingly dentate. Two outer ventral carinae roughly but sparsely dentate. Medioventral carina armed with a variable number ± prominent spines, which decrease in size towards the apex. Posterodorsal carina of meso- and metatibiae with a prominent, roundly triangular lobe just before the middle and a rounded, dentate lobe apically. Probasitarsus slightly shorter than remaining tarsomeres combined, dorsal carina slightly raised and all carinae minutely serrate. Meso-, and metabasitarsi as long as following three tarsomeres combined, with all carinae serrate and dorsal carina slightly raised and rounded.

♂♂ (Figs. 425, 426): The colouration is described from photos of a live ♂ kindly provided by R. Krijns ( Maastricht , Netherlands) two of which are here reproduced .

Medium sized (body length 132.0 mm) and very slender for the genus, with long alae. Most of body and legs greenish mid brown, the terminal abdominal segments darker. Head ochracheous with a washed greenish marking between they eyes and irregular blackish markings on the vertex and cheeks. Eyes pale cream and irregularly marbled with dark brown. Mesothorax and metasternum dull green. Mesopleurae with a few whitish spots, metapleurae dark greyish. Tegmina and alae pale creamish brown, the anterior margin of the tegmina and basal 1/3 of alae broadly white. Tegmina with a small blackish spot on top of the central hump. Anal region of alae transparent pale brown with brown veins. Cerci pale cream. Apices of meso- and metafemora and bases of corresponding tibiae pale brown. Complete armature of legs black. Tarsi pale brown, the meso- and metabasitarsi whitish basally. Antennae mid brown, scapus ochracheous.

Head: Oval, about 1.5x longer than wide, narrowing from eyes towards posterior margin, vertex flat. Between the bases of antennae with a slight transverse impression, followd by a slightly raised oval area between the eyes. Eyes very prominent, strongly convex and projecting hemispherically from head capsule; their length only about 1.6x in that of cheeks. Antennae projecting considerably over median segment. Scapus dorsoventrally flattened, parallel-sided and 2.5x longer than wide. Pedicellus 1/3 the length of scapus, cylindrical. Following antennomeres first short but then distinctly increasing in length.

Thorax: Pronotum distinctly shorter and narrower than head, the anterior portion slightly narrowed. Median transverse depression faint, short and not reaching lateral margins of segment. Mesothorax about 2.6x longer than head and pronotum combined, mesonotum with a few minute granules along the lateral margins. Mesosternum with a very faint longitudinal median carina, metasternum smooth. Tegmina elongate, oval and with a moderately distinct, rounded central hump. Alae ± reaching about half way along abdominal tergite V.

Abdomen: Segments II–VI roughly of equal length and about 5x longer than wide. VII ¾ the length of VI and only about 3.5x longer than wide. Tergite V with a minute posteromedian tubercle. Sternites II–VII smooth. Tergite VIII a little less than 3/4 the length of VII, 3x longer than wide, and gradually widening towards the posterior. IX about as long but considerably narrower than VIII, strongly convex, constricted medially and about 3x longer than wide. Anal segment a little shorter than IX, strongly keeled and laterally compressed. Semi-tergites broad with the apex roughly triangular. Interior surfaces apically set with small black teeth. Cerci cylindrical, slightly tapered towards a narrow tip and reaching to apex of anal segment. Poculum strongly convex, roundly cup-like and reaching about half way along tergite IX, the central portion slightly elevated.

Legs: All very long and slender, profemora considerably longer than head, pro- and mesonotum combined, mesofemora a little longer than pro- and mesonotum combined, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment V and metatibiae extending well beyond apex of abdomen. Anterodorsal carina of profemora with about 16 distinct and acutely triangular black serrations, which increase in size towards apex of femur. Posteroventral carina with a about 20 very minute teeth. Anterodorsal carina of protibiae minutely but quite densely serrate, posteroventral carina very sparsely serrate, anteroventral carina smooth. Two outer ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora sparsely dentate, dorsal carinae each with only 3–7 irregularly set minute teeth. Medioventral carina indistinct and with a few very minute spines. All carinae of meso- and metatibiae minutely serrate, the dorsal carinae more sparsely although. Probasitarsus a little longer than following tarsomeres combined, with all carinae moderately elevated and smooth. Meso- and metabasitarsi about equal in length to combined length of remaining tarsomeres, all carinae gently elevated, the dorsal smooth and the ventral with a few very minute teeth.

Variation: The type series (all ♀♀) shows some variation concerning to the size of the two enlarged teeth of the anterodorsal carina of the mesofemora. These may be indistinct and just slightly larger than the remaining teeth of that carina (Fig. 321), or prominently enlarged to form two roughly triangular lobes (Fig. 321). One of the two ♀♀ from Malaybalay in BMNH is remarkable for the strikingly developed leg furniture, having the meso- and metafemora each supplied with three large foliaceous lobes and the corresponding tibiae with the triangular median lobe on the posterodorsal carina very large (all comparatively smaller on hind legs). The second ♀ widely corresponds to the type series, which shows considerable variation to occur within a single colony.

Eggs (Figs. 147–148): Medium-sized, capsule slightly laterally compressed, oval in cross-section, longer than high. In lateral aspect the polar-area has a shallow ventro-polar depression. Complete capsule surrounded by a very faint dorsoventral bulg, beginning and ending at the operculum. General colouration of capsule and operculum plain dark brown, capitulum black. Complete capsule surface very minutely granulated and leather-like; slightly glabrous. Micropylar plate slightly raised and with a darker brown outer margin. Generally shaped like a very bold inverted “Y”, the posterolateral extensions very short and roughly triangular. Median line almost extending to polar-area. Micropylar cup small and placed in centre of posteromedian indention of the micropylar plate. Operculum flat and oval. In its centre with an large, roughly cone-shaped capitulum which covers almost the complete operculum.

Measurements [mm]: length (including capitulum) 4.5–4.6, length 3.8–4.0, width 2.7–2.8, height 3.5–3.7, length of micropylar plate 3.0.

Comments: There are several inaccuracies in the original description provided by Zompro (2005a) which in particular concerns to the measurements given for the type series. Some years before publication of Ph. kalag the entire type series, including the HT and eggs, were kindly given to the first author on loan for examination. As indicated in Table 8 below measuring of these specimens provided body lengths of 196.0–228.0 mm in contrast to 168.0–178.0 given by Zompro. Unfortunately, the HT was not measured separately but the 175.0 mm given by Zompro are very doubtful, since it is 21 mm shorter than the shortest body length taken from the type series by the first author. A ♀ in coll. FH (No. 0449-1) originating from the same locality and source was kindly presented to the first author by O. Zompro but not designated a PT. It measures 218.0 mm, hence exceeding the maximum length recorded by Zompro by as much as 40 mm. Furthermore, Zompro described and illustrated the micropylar plate of the eggs as being heart-shaped. In fact however it is triangular with the posterolateral angles slightly elongated and triangular, forming the inverted “Y” typical for Pharna-

cia Stål (Fig. 147).

Culture stock originating from Tampakan in the South Cotabato Province (Mindanao Id.), has recently been imported to Europe and is currently being attempted to rear on oaks ( Quercus spp. , Fagaceae ) and bramble ( Rubus fruticosus , Rosaceae ).

Distribution (Fig. 374): Southern Philippines, Mindanao Island (Bukidnon Province: Katanglad Mountains, Lantapan 1000–1300 m & Malaybalay; South Cotabato Province: Tampakan).

Number of specimens examined: 25