Carcina luridella (Christoph, 1882)

Ponomarenko, M. G. & Chernikova, P. N., 2018, To the taxonomic position of Lecithocera luridella Christoph and Carcina Hübner in the system of oecophoroid moths (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae sensu lato), Far Eastern Entomologist 366, pp. 1-18 : 9-14

Carcina luridella (Christoph, 1882) , comb. ressur.

Figs 1, 2

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Russia: Vladivostok , Sad-gorod, 12.VI 1994, 3 ♂

(Ponomarenko); Ussurijskii distr., 20 km SE Ussurijsk, Gornotaezhnoe, 11, 12, 14,

16. VI 1995, 5 ♂, 1 ♀ (Ponomarenko); Khasanskii distr. , Kedrovaya pad' reserve, 6 ,

11, 15. VI 1974, 3 ♂ (Ermolaev).

REMARKS. The male genitalia of luridella ( Figs. 1, 2 ) are very similar structu-

rally with the genitalia of C. quercana , the type species of the genus Carcina ( Figs.

3–5). The similar characters are as following: the uncus hook-like, narrowed towards the apex; base of the gnathos with two unique long sclerites presumably functioning as apodemes for intersegmental muscles m 1; juxta bearing long processes, pointed to the apex; valva deeply divided into cucullus (dorsal lobe) and sacculus (ventral lobe); cucullus more or less wide and setaceous; sacculus possesses a dense brush of short strong bristles apically, its distal part can be curved inwardly or be unbended ( Fig. 5 ); arcuate aedeagus with sclerotized ventral side.

In addition to genital morphology, there is a similarity in forewing shape with convex costal margin of the forewings and in rest pose of both compared species,

characterized by flatly folded wings on the back and extended forward forelegs.

Differences between both species are in the shape of some genital structures and do not concern the general plan of the genital morphology. Thus, the luridella is differing by triangular gnathos, more extended distally cucullus with relatively wider distal part, juxta with processes gradually tapered towards apex, whereas the related species, quercana , with longitudinally elongated gnathos, juxta with processes widened at the middle. Also differences are in the shape of the forewing apex, which is more rounded in luridella and is slightly sharpened in quercana .

Based on the habitual similarity and close male genitalia of the luridella and quercana , the first species should be considered within genus Carcina : Carcina luridella (Christoph, 1882) , comb. ressur.

DISTRIBUTION. Known distribution to the species is limited to Russian Far

East (Jewish Autonomous Region, south of Khabarovskii krai, Sakhalin, Kunashir and Primorskii krai) and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku).

Phylogenetic analysis based on the mtCOI and nuclear 28SD1 fragments

The estimates of evolutionary divergence between nucleotide sequences of mtCOI fragment in representatives of oecophorid complex (or oecophorid lineage after Kaila, 2004) show that the genus Carcina has almost equal genetic distances with species from Depressariidae (0.142 –0.163) and Oecophoridae (0.147 –0.153)

( Table 3). Both families were considered as most appropriate for taxonomic position of the genus Carcina . The intervals of genetic distance overlapping with previous ones are detected between Carcina and the species from Ethmiidae (0.145), Lypusidae (0.145 –

0.175), Cryptolechiidae (0.147), Peleopodidae (0.148 –0.175) and Chimabachidae ventral view; 2, 4 – aedeagus, lateral view; 5 – unbended apical part of sacculus. Figures 3–5

are redrawing from photos on the sites Svenska fjärilar and Moth Dissection UK (Wheeler,

2018).

in representatives of oecophoroid moths and other groups of Microlepidoptera in representatives of oecophoroid moths and other groups of Microlepidoptera method. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) is shown from 50%.

(0.161). Minimal genetic divergence between Carcina and Blastobasidae (0.127 –

0.142), Autostichidae (0.134 –0.144), Elachistidae (0.136) is revealed. The parameters in the listed intervals are corresponding to the genetic distances between Carcina and the species from Gelechiidae (0.14–0.142), which is belonging to sister lineage within superfamily Gelechioidea . It should be noted that maximal parameters of divergence within superfamily Gelechioidea equal to the genetic distances between examined genus and other microlepidopteran groups – Carposinidae (0.151), Ypsolophidae (0.177) and

Tineidae (0.173 –0.226).

The estimates of evolutionary divergence between sequences of 28SDI fragment in the examined representatives of oecophoroid complex show that genus Carcina has minimal genetic distances with the species from Chimabachidae (0.004) and

Oecophoridae (0.004 –0.008) ( Table 4). The group consisting of the families

Peleopodidae (0.008), Autostichidae (0.008), Depressariidae (0.008 –0.017),

Lecithoceridae (0.008 –0.017) and Blastobasidae (0.013) are with overlapping intervals of genetic distances. Lypusidae (0.017) and some representatives from Lecithoceridae

(0.017) are more deviated. The largest evolutionary distances were found between

Carcina and representatives from Gelechiidae (0.017 –0.039) and Ethmiidae (0.021).

The tree of evolutionary relationships of oecophoroid taxa is constructed on the base of phylogenetic analysis of 36 nucleotide sequences of mtCOI fragment ( Fig. 6 ).

The genus Carcina is clustered together with species from the family Elachistidae .

The families Depressariidae and Oecophoridae , which are considered as appropriate taxa for genus Carcina , are joined into one clade opposed to clade with nested

Carcina .

Figures

Figs. 1–5. Carcina spp., male genitalia. 1–2 – C. luridella, 3–5 – C. quercana: 1, 3 –

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic relationships of Oecophoroid taxa inferred using Neighbor-joining