Harpalus (Pseudoophonus), Motschulsky, 1844

Bousquet, Yves, 2012, Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico, ZooKeys 245, pp. 1-1722 : 687

Subgenus Pseudoophonus Motschulsky, 1844

Holosus Fischer von Waldheim, 1829a: 21 [potential nomen oblitum, see Bousquet (2002c: 176)]. Type species: Carabus ruficornis Fabricius, 1775 (= Carabus rufipes DeGeer, 1774) designated by Bousquet (2002c: 176). Etymology. Uncertain, possibly from the Greek holos (whole, entire) and sos (sound) [masculine].

Pseudoophonus Motschulsky, 1844: 196 [potential nomen protectum]. Type species: Carabus ruficornis Fabricius, 1775 (= Carabus rufipes DeGeer, 1774) designated by Desmarest (1851: 124). Etymology. From the Greek pseudos (fallacy, lie) and the generic name Ophonus [q.v.] [masculine]. Note. Pseudophonus is an incorrect subsequent spelling, introduced by Ménétriés (1848: 37), not in prevailing usage.

Empeirus Motschulsky 1844: 197 (as Empeinus ). Type species: Harpalus pastor Motschulsky, 1844 designated by Noonan (1976: 36). Synonymy established by Kataev (2002: 192). Note. Motschulsky originally used the spelling Empeinus (p. 197) but corrected it to Empeirus in his corrigendum (p. xi) issued simultaneously with the original work. Therefore Empeirus is the correct original spelling (ICZN 1999: Article 32.5.1.1) despite that Motschulsky used Empeinus in his subsequent publications (1848: 487; 1850a: vii, 25).

Platus Motschulsky, 1844: 197. Type species: Harpalus calcitrapus Motschulsky, 1844 (= Carabus calceatus Duftschmid, 1812) designated by Noonan (1976: 33).

Pardileus des Gozis 1882: 289. Type species: Carabus calceatus Duftschmid, 1812 by original designation. Synonymy established by Ball and Anderson (1962: 4).

Migadophonus Tschitschérine, 1897: 47. Type species: Ophonus aenigma Tschitschérine, 1897 by monotypy. Synonymy established by Habu (1968: 287). Etymology. From the Greek migados (mixed pell-mell) and the generic name Ophonus [q.v.] [masculine].

Neopardileus Habu, 1954b: 281. Type species: Ophonus itoshimanus Habu, 1954 (= Carabus calceatus Duftschmid, 1812) by monotypy. Etymology. From the Greek prefix neo - (new) and the generic name Pardileus [masculine].

Diversity.

About 60 species in North America (13 species), Mexico (four species, one of them, Harpalus alienus Bates, endemic), Asia (about 45 species), and Europe and northern Africa (three species, none endemic).

Identification.

Ball and Anderson (1962) revised the North American species and provided a key for their identification. Lindroth (1968: 758-765) covered ten species. Subsequently one new species was described by Will (2002a).