Microtus (Mynomes) pennsylvanicus Ord 1815

Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Rodentia - Family Cricetidae, Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 955-1189 : 1012

Microtus (Mynomes) pennsylvanicus Ord 1815

Microtus (Mynomes) pennsylvanicus Ord 1815 , in: Guthrie, New Geogr., Hist., Coml. Grammar, Philadelphia, 2nd ed., Vol. 2: 292.

Type Locality: USA, Pennsylvania, "meadows below Philadelphia." .

Vernacular Names: Meadow Vole.

Synonyms: Microtus (Mynomes) acadicus Bangs 1897 ; Microtus (Mynomes) admiraltiae Heller 1909 ; Microtus (Mynomes) alborufescens (Emmons 1840) ; Microtus (Mynomes) alcorni Baker 1951 ; Microtus (Mynomes) aphorodemus Preble 1902 ; Microtus (Mynomes) arcticus Cowan 1951 ; Microtus (Mynomes) aztecus (J. A. Allen 1893) ; Microtus (Mynomes) chihuahuensis Bradley and Cockrum 1968 ; Microtus (Mynomes) copelandi Youngman 1967 ; Microtus (Mynomes) dekayi (Audubon and Bachman 1854) ; Microtus (Mynomes) drummondii (Audubon and Bachman 1853) ; Microtus (Mynomes) stonei J. A. Allen 1899 ; Microtus (Mynomes) dukecampbelli Woods, Post, and Kilpatrick 1982 ; Microtus (Mynomes) enixus Bangs 1896 ; Microtus (Mynomes) finitus S. Anderson 1956 ; Microtus (Mynomes) fontigenus Bangs 1896 ; Microtus (Mynomes) fulva (Audubon and Bachman 1841) ; Microtus (Mynomes) funebris Dale 1940 ; Microtus (Mynomes) hirsutus (Emmons 1840) ; Microtus (Mynomes) inspectus (J. A. Allen 1899) ; Microtus (Mynomes) insperatus (J. A. Allen 1894) ; Microtus (Mynomes) insularis Bailey 1898 ; Microtus (Mynomes) kincaidi Dalquest 1941 ; Microtus (Mynomes) labradorius Bailey 1898 ; Microtus (Mynomes) longipilis ( Baird 1857) ; Microtus (Mynomes) magdalenensis Youngman 1967 ; Microtus (Mynomes) microcephalus (Rhoads 1894) ; Microtus (Mynomes) modestus ( Baird 1857) ; Microtus (Mynomes) nasuta (Audubon and Bachman 1841) ; Microtus (Mynomes) nesophilus Bailey 1898 ; Microtus (Mynomes) nigrans Rhoads 1897 ; Microtus (Mynomes) noveboracensis (Rafinesque 1820) ; Microtus (Mynomes) oneida (DeKay 1842) ; Microtus (Mynomes) palustris (Harlan 1825) ; Microtus (Mynomes) pratensis (Rafinesque 1817) ; Microtus (Mynomes) provectus Bangs 1908 ; Microtus (Mynomes) pullatus S. Anderson 1956 ; Microtus (Mynomes) riparius (Ord 1825) ; Microtus (Mynomes) rubidus Dale 1940 ; Microtus (Mynomes) rufescens (DeKay 1842) ; Microtus (Mynomes) rufidorsum ( Baird 1857) ; Microtus (Mynomes) shattucki Howe 1901 ; Microtus (Mynomes) tananaensis Baker 1951 ; Microtus (Mynomes) terraenovae (Bangs 1894) ; Microtus (Mynomes) uligocola S. Anderson 1956 ; Microtus (Mynomes) wahema Bailey 1920 .

Distribution: Meadowlands interspersed across boreal and mixed coniferous-deciduous biomes of North America: C Alaska to Labrador, including Newfoundland and Prince Edward Isl, Canada; south in Rocky Mountains to N New Mexico, in Great Plains to N Kansas (see Frey and Moore, 1990), and in Appalachians and along eastern seaboard to N Georgia and South Carolina, USA; outlier populations in W New Mexico and peninsular Florida, USA, and in N Chihuahua, México.

Conservation: U.S. ESA —Endangered as M. p. dukecampbelli; IUCN – Vulnerable as M. p. dukecampbelli, Lower Risk (nt) as M. p. admiraltiae, M. p. kincaidi, M. p. provectus, and M. p. shattucki, not evaluated as M. p. chihuahuensis, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).

Discussion: Subgenus Mynomes , pennsylvanicus species group ( Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Proposed as conspecific with Old World M. agrestis by Klimkiewicz (1970), but G-banded chromosomal differences support their recognition as distinct species ( Modi, 1987; Vorontsov and Lyapunova, 1986). Aside from the probable insular derivative M. breweri (see that account), pennsylvanicus is closely related to M. montanus and M. townsendii among New World species (see Conroy and Cook, 2000 a; Hooper and Hart, 1962; Modi, 1987; Moore and Janecek, 1990). Insular form provectus relegated to subspecific status by Chamberlain (1954) and Moyer et al. (1988), and nesophilus by Jones et al. (1986). Regional studies of variation undertaken (e.g., Anderson, 1956; Anderson and Hubbard, 1971; Weddle and Choate, 1983), but comprehensive review of entire species warranted. Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetational and climatic changes discussed by Woods et al. (1982) apropos isolation of the Florida population (dukecambelli) and other arvicoline austral relicts. Intricate study of M3 variation in fossil and extant samples conducted by Barnosky (1993), who attempted to infer microevolutionary processes from broad stratigraphic and geographic patterns. See Reich (1981, Mammalian Species, 159).