Rhagophthalmus Motschulsky, 1854

Kundrata, Robin, Hoffmannova, Johana, Hinson, Kevin R., Keller, Oliver & Packova, Gabriela, 2022, Rhagophthalmidae Olivier, 1907 (Coleoptera, Elateroidea): described genera and species, current problems, and prospects for the bioluminescent and paedomorphic beetle lineage, ZooKeys 1126, pp. 55-130 : 55

Genus Rhagophthalmus Motschulsky, 1854

Fig. 1E, F

Rhagophthalmus Motschulsky, 1854: 45. Gender: masculine. Type species: Rhagophthalmus scutellatus Motschulsky, 1854, by monotypy.

Ochotyra Pascoe, 1862: 323. Gender: feminine. Type species: Ochotyra semiusta Pascoe, 1862: 323, by monotypy. Synonymized with Rhagophthalmus Motschulsky, 1854 by Wittmer in Wittmer and Ohba (1994: 342).

Ochotiza : Bourgeois 1903: 479 [unavailable name, incorrect subsequent spelling not in prevailing usage].

Ochrotyra : Lefroy 1909: 327 [unavailable name, incorrect subsequent spelling not in prevailing usage].

Rhagophthalma : Crowson 1981: 274 [unavailable name, incorrect subsequent spelling not in prevailing usage].

Ochotrya : Lawrence 1988: 15 [unavailable name, incorrect subsequent spelling not in prevailing usage].

Rhagophthalums : Suzuki 1997: 38 [unavailable name, incorrect subsequent spelling not in prevailing usage].

Ragophthalmus : Viviani et al. 1999: 8274 [unavailable name, incorrect subsequent spelling not in prevailing usage].

Rhagophtha : Chen 2003: 52 [unavailable name, incorrect subsequent spelling not in prevailing usage].

Rhagophtalmus : Stanger-Hall et al. 2007: 38 [unavailable name, incorrect subsequent spelling not in prevailing usage].

Rhagopthalmus : McKenna et al. 2015: 849 [unavailable name, incorrect subsequent spelling not in prevailing usage].

Literature.

Motschulsky (1854: 45): original description; Motschulsky (1859: 59): remark; Motschulsky (1861: 134): comparison with Pachytarsus Motschulsky, 1861; Pascoe (1862: 323): original description of Ochotyra ; Gerstaecker (1863: 409): remark [as Ochotyra ]; Gemminger (1869: 1647, 1655): catalogue [also as Ochotyra ]; Marschall (1873: 223, 239): remark [also as Ochotyra ]; Gorham (1881: 63): remark [as Ochotyra ]; Olivier (1885: 372): species description; Heyden (1886: 286): remark; Fairmaire (1888: 25): species description [currently in Menghuoius ]; Fairmaire (1889: 352): species description; Gorham (1890: 550): catalogue [as Ochotyra ]; Bourgeois (1892: 236): distributional note; Cardon (1892: 238): checklist; Gorham (1895: 310): distributional note [also as Ochotyra ]; Fairmaire (1896: 227): species descriptions [one currently in Menghuoius ]; Fairmaire (1899: 624): species description; Olivier (1902: 87): catalogue; Bourgeois (1903: 479): distributional note [as Ochotiza [sic!]]; Gorham (1903: 330): distributional note [as Ochotyra ]; Bourgeois (1905: 130): distributional record [as Ochotyra ]; Olivier (1907: 63): catalogue [also as Ochotyra ]; Olivier (1908: 17): remark; Lefroy (1909: 327): catalogue [also as Ochrotyra [sic!]]; Olivier (1910: 1): catalogue [also as Ochotyra ]; Jakobson (1911: 687): catalogue; Olivier (1912: 467): revision, key [also as Ochotyra ]; Pic (1916: 9): species description; Pic (1917: 3): species description; Lucas (1920: 567): catalogue; Pic (1921b: 18): species description [as Ochotyra ]; Pic (1923: 25): catalogue; Handlirsch (1925: 589): catalogue; Pic (1925a: 17): species description; Pic (1925b: 72): species description; Winkler (1925: 522): catalogue; Pic (1937: 137): comparison of Ochotyra with Mimoochotyra ; Wu (1937: 385): catalogue; Pic (1938: 15): checklist; Harvey (1952: 392): remark [also as Ochotyra ]; Brues et al. (1954: 565): classification; Raj (1957: 788): larval biology, photograph of larvae; McDermott (1964: 11, 50): revision [also as Ochotyra ]; McDermott (1966: 121): catalogue [also as Ochotyra ]; Mikšić and Mikšić (1966: 32): remark [also as Ochotyra ]; Nakane (1968: 3): remark; Crowson (1972: 52): remark; Herring (1978: 471): checklist; Lloyd (1978: 254): remark; Ohba (1980: 14): remark; Crowson (1981: 274): remark [as Rhagophthalma [sic!]]; Sivinski (1981: 168): bioluminescence; Herring (1987: 157): checklist [also as Ochotyra ]; Lawrence (1988: 15): remark [also as Ochotrya [sic!]]; Wittmer and Ohba (1994: 341): review, synonymy of Ochotyra with Rhagophthalmus , figures of habitus and body parts; Lawrence and Newton (1995: 857): catalogue, remark [also as Ochotrya [sic!]]; Ohba (1995: 13): remark, bioluminescence; Branham (1996: 18): remark; Chen and Ho (1996: 46): distribution, figure of habitus; Ohba et al. (1996a: 1): morphology, biology; Ohba et al. (1996b: 30): remark; Nakane (1997: 36): remark; Ohba (1997a: 5): checklist; Ohba (1997b: 19): remark; Ohba (1997c: 51): breeding; Ohba et al. (1997: 25): remark; Suzuki (1997: 4): phylogeny, biology; Wittmer (1997: 257): species descriptions; Chen and Ho (1998: 34): bioluminescence; Kawashima (1998: 16): female morphology; Ohba (1998: 3): checklist, biology; Costa et al. (1999: 22): remark; Kawashima (1999: 141): remark; Viviani et al. (1999: 8274): remark [as Ragophthalmus [sic!]]; Goto and Kawashima (2000: 143): distributional remark; Jeng et al. (2000: 316): remark; Kawashima (2000: 131): taxonomy; Kim et al. (2000: 214): molecular phylogeny; Ohmiya et al. (2000: 32): luciferase; Viviani and Ohmiya (2000: 267): remark [as Ragophthalmus [sic!]]; Branham and Wenzel (2001: 565): phylogeny; Kawashima and Satô (2001: 423): species descriptions [also as Ochotyra ]; Kobayashi et al. (2001: 1): embryogenesis; Viviani et al. (2001: 1287): bioluminescence [as Ragophthalmus [sic!]]; Hua (2002: 71): catalogue; Kawashima (2002: 492): remark; Kobayashi et al. (2002: 1): embryogenesis; O‘Keefe (2002: 182): remark; Ugarova and Brovko (2002: 322): bioluminescence; Viviani (2002: 1836): remark [as Ragophthalmus [sic!]]; Viviani et al. (2002: 538): remark [as Ragophthalmus [sic!]]; Branham and Wenzel (2003: 3): phylogeny, remark; Chen (2003: 52): morphology, bioluminescence [also as Rhagophtha [sic!]]; Hayashi and Suzuki (2003: 4): morphology, biology, phylogeny; Kawashima and Sugaya (2003: 353): species description, identification key; Kawashima et al. (2003: 255): catalogue [also Ochotyra ]; Kobayashi et al. (2003: 19): embryogenesis, development; Satô and Kawashima (2003: 9): remark; DeCock (2004: 341): bioluminescence; Ohba (2004a: 226): bioluminescence, biology; Ohba (2004b: 6): bioluminescence, biology; Lau and Meyer-Rochow (2006: 20): morphology; Li et al. (2006: 818): molecular phylogeny; Arnoldi et al. (2007: 2): molecular phylogeny; Bocak (2007: 225): catalogue [also as Ochotyra ]; Bocakova et al. (2007: 484): molecular phylogeny [as Ochotyra ]; Geisthardt and Satô (2007: 234): catalogue [species incertae sedis in Lampyridae ]; Hunt et al. (2007: suppl.): molecular phylogeny [as Ochotyra ]; Lau et al. (2007: 27): eye morphology; Li et al. (2007: 197): mitochondrial genome, phylogeny; Sagegami-Oba et al. (2007: 105): molecular phylogeny; Stanger-Hall et al. (2007: 38): molecular phylogeny [also as Rhagophtalmus [sic!]]; Bocak et al. (2008: 2019): molecular phylogeny [as Ochotyra ]; Dong et al. (2008: 479): phylogeny; Li and Liang (2008: 109): female morphology; Li et al. (2008a: 259): species descriptions, taxonomy, distribution [also as Ochotyra ]; Li et al. (2008b: 494): review [also as Ochotyra ]; Noguchi et al. (2008: 2): luciferase; Sheffield et al. (2008: 2500): mitochondrial genomes; Bogahawatta et al. (2009: 10): remark; Day et al. (2009: 93): remark; Levkanicova and Bocak (2009: 212): molecular phylogeny; Suzuki and Kobayashi (2009: 30): embryogenesis [also as Ochotyra ]; Chen et al. (2010: 196): biology, bioluminescence; Costa and Zaragoza-Caballero (2010: 134): remark [also as Ochotyra ]; Kawashima et al. (2010: 135): book chapter [also as Ochotyra ]; Lawrence et al. (2010b: 173): remark; Bouchard et al. (2011: 326): family-group names catalogue; Kundrata and Bocak (2011a: 57): remark [also as Ochotyra ]; Kundrata and Bocak (2011b: 370): molecular phylogeny [as Ochotyra ]; Lawrence et al. (2011: 7): phylogeny; Oba et al. (2011: 777): biology, bioluminescence; Yiu (2011a: 14): remark; Yiu (2011b: 20): biology, bioluminescence; Amaral et al. (2012: 1262): luciferase, phylogeny; Ho et al. (2012: 1): species descriptions; Kazantsev (2012: 352): remark; Timmermans and Vogler (2012: 300): molecular phylogeny; Yiu (2012: 30): catalogue; Kundrata et al. (2013: 202): molecular phylogeny [as Ochotyra ]; Yiu (2013: 101): biology, bioluminescence; Amaral et al. (2014: 415): molecular phylogeny [also as Rhagophtalmus [sic!]]; Hosoe et al. (2014: 331): chemical defence; Kundrata et al. (2014: 167): molecular phylogeny; Li et al. (2015: 269): catalogue; Martin et al. (2015: 519): molecular phylogeny; McKenna et al. (2015: 843): molecular phylogeny [also as Rhagopthalmus [sic!]]; Oba (2015: 99): bioluminescence; Amaral et al. (2016: 254): molecular phylogeny; Bocak et al. (2016: 3): molecular phylogeny; Kovalev and Kirejtshuk (2016: 205): remark; Kundrata et al. (2016: 296): molecular phylogeny; Wijekoon et al. (2016: 71): checklist [also as Ochotyra ]; Amaral et al. (2017a: 674): mitogenome, phylogeny; Amaral et al. (2017b: 84): phylogeny; Amaral et al. (2017c: 157): phylogeny; Martin et al. (2017: 568): molecular phylogeny; Wang et al. (2017: 2): molecular phylogeny, transcriptome; Yiu (2017: 59): species description; Bocak et al. (2018: suppl): molecular phylogeny; Fallon et al. (2018: 8, 96): genomes, bioluminescence; Kusy et al. (2018a: 5): molecular phylogeny; Kusy et al. (2018b: 4): molecular phylogeny; Stanger-Hall et al. (2018: 8): remark; Yiu and Jeng (2018: 72): remark; Zhang et al. (2018: 3): molecular phylogeny; Amaral et al. (2019: 284): molecular phylogeny; Chen et al. (2019: 8): molecular phylogeny; He et al. (2019: 566): molecular phylogeny; Jeng (2019: 13): biofluorescence, biology; Kundrata et al. (2019: 1263): molecular phylogeny; Liu et al. (2019: 3183): mitogenomic phylogeny; Martin et al. (2019: 3): molecular phylogeny; Liu et al. (2020: 46): luciferase, phylogeny [also as Ochotyra ]; Zhang et al. (2020: 5): molecular phylogeny, bioluminescence; Ge et al. (2021: 3): mitogenomic phylogeny; Lawrence et al. (2021: 456): wing morphology; Li et al. (2021b: 2): remark; Cai et al. (2022: 6): molecular phylogeny; Ge et al. (2022: 3): mitogenomic phylogeny; He et al. (2022: 4): mitogenomic phylogeny; Moreira et al. (2022: 7): luciferase, molecular phylogeny. In addition to the aforementioned literature, this genus was included in PhD theses by Ho (2002), Jeng (2008), and Roza (2022).

Remarks.

Rhagophthalmus is the most speciose genus in the family. It contains 34 species from South, East, and Southeast Asia. This genus is characterized by having deeply emarginate eyes and relatively short antennae (Fig. 1E, F ). Wittmer in Wittmer and Ohba (1994) synonymized Ochotyra with Rhagophthalmus , and we follow this concept until a proper revision of the genus is carried out. On the other hand, Menghuoius , which was synonymized with Rhagophthalmus by Li et al. (2008a), is considered here a separate genus (see Remarks under Menghuoius ).

Figures

Figure 1. Morphology of Rhagophthalmidae A habitus of Dioptoma adamsii from Sri Lanka (syntype of D. greeni), female, NHMUK, dorsal view B head of Dioptoma adamsii from Sri Lanka, male, NHMUK, frontal view C head and pronotum of Diplocladon hasseltii hasseltii from Indonesia, male, SDEI, dorsal view D habitus of Falsophrixothrix sp. from Indonesia, male, NHMUK, dorsal view E head and pronotum of Rhagophthalmus sp. from China, male, first author's collection, lateral view F habitus of Rhagophthalmus sp. from China, male, first author's collection, dorsal view. Scale bars: 5.0 mm (A, F); 1.0 mm (B, E); 2.0 mm (C, D).