Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus, 1758

Ferraris, Carl J., Jr, Santana, Carlos David de & Vari, Richard P., 2017, Checklist of Gymnotiformes (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi) and catalogue of primary types, Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (1), No. e 160067, pp. 1-8 : 1-8

Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus, 1758

Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus, 1758: 246 . Type locality: America. Reported possible syntypes: NRM 8224, NRM 64, UUZM 56. Notes in NRM collection suggest that NRM 8224 may not be a type, based on collection information. NRM 64 is clearly not a species of Gymnotus , and was identified as a specimen of Rhabdolichops by Correa et al. (2006). UUZM 56 appears to be the specimen illustrated in Linnaeus (1749: pl. 14, fig. 6) ( Wheeler, 1991), which is one of the cited sources for this name.

Gymnotus brachiurus Bloch, 1786 : pl. 157 (fig. 1). Type locality: Gewässern von Brasilien [p. 62]. Holotype: Illustrated specimen, whereabouts unknown. Name made available from caption on plate; in text (p. 61) with name as: Gymnotus brachiurus , maxilla inferior longiore [non binomial]; based on numerous literature sources. Illustrated specimen not reported in, and apparently not located by, Paepke (1999).

Gymnotus albus Gmelin, 1789: 1137 . Type locality: Surinami. Syntypes: On Gymnotum album Pallas (1769: 36) and Seba (1758: pl. 32, fig. 3).

Gymnotus fasciatus Gmelin, 1789: 1137 . Type locality: Brasiliae. Syntypes: On Gymnotum fasciatum Pallas (1769: 35) , Seba (1758: pl. 32, figs. 1, 2), Carapo Brasiliensibus Marggraf, (1648: 170), and Bloch, (1786: 61, pl. 107, fig. 1),

Gymnotus putaol La Cepède, 1800: 145 , 176. Type locality: Brésil. Syntypes: on Gymnotus fasciatus Gmelin , “Gymnote putaol” Bonnaterre (1788), and accounts in Pallas (1769: 35), Seba (1758: pl. 32, figs. 1, 2), Marggraf (1648: 170) and Gymnotus brachiurus Bloch (1786 : pl. 107 [sic, 157], fig. 1).

Remarks: Synonymy must be considered tentative as most names are based on multiple literature sources, which may refer to different species, and lectotype designations have not been found for any of the names. Eschmeyer et al. (2016) states that, as formed in Pallas (1769: 36), the names Gymnotum fasciatum and G. album are not available, which makes the accounts in Gmelin as the source of the available names. [If G. fasciatus and G. albus were determined to be available from Pallas and both names deemed to refer to a species distinct from G. carapo and G. brachiurus , G. fasciatus would be the valid name, based on the first reviser action of Günther, 1870: 9)]. Redescribed in Albert, Crampton (2003b).

Distribution: Amazon and Orinoco drainages, coastal drainages of the Guianas and northeastern Brazil, and Trinidad ( Albert, Crampton, 2003b).