Tylorida, SIMON, 1894

Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2011, Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4), pp. 713-879 : 800-802

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10545818
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5E87AD-C03E-555E-FF71-4CDFD7C6FA19
treatment provided by	Valdenar
scientific name	Tylorida
status

Treatment

TYLORIDA SIMON, 1894 View in CoL View at ENA ( FIGS 5E View Figure 5 , 114–118 View Figure 114 View Figure 115 View Figure 116 View Figure 117 View Figure 118 )

Type species: Tylorida striata ( Thorell, 1877) . Type specimen and depository museum unknown.

Diagnosis: Tylorida species differ from other tetragnathids in the following combination of characters: femora IV with smooth trichobothrial shaft ( Fig. 115F View Figure 115 ); copulatory and fertilization ducts running parallel before entering the spermathecae ( Fig. 116C View Figure 116 ); tegulum ventrally swollen ( Fig. 117B View Figure 117 ); cymbial dorsobasal process shorter than half the cymbial width and perpendicular to the cymbium longitudinal axis ( Fig. 117A, F View Figure 117 ). The following description is based on our study of Tylorida striata .

Description: Female: body length c. 10.0 mm. Femora IV trichobothrial shaft not branched, shorter than half the femur length ( Fig. 115F View Figure 115 ). Ocular area lower than carapace lateral margins ( Fig. 115B, D View Figure 115 ). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long, and rebordered. Sternum longer than wide ( Fig. 115E View Figure 115 ). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth; boss present ( Fig. 115B View Figure 115 ). Secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum. Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes juxtaposed, and on a tubercle. Clypeus almost 1.5 times the AME diameter. Abdomen anteriorly projected and covered with silver guanine patches that form longitudinal lines ( Tanikawa, 2005: figs 1, 2). Booklung cuticle smooth. Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets. Median tracheae not ramified, longer than half the lateral tracheae length ( Fig. 114A, C, D View Figure 114 ). ALS with an extensive field of piriform spigots ( Fig. 114B View Figure 114 ). PMS with three aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface ( Fig. 114E View Figure 114 ). PLS with c. 20 aciniform spigots arranged in roughly parallel lines; distal end of aggregate spigots separated from tip of the flagelliform spigot ( Fig. 114G View Figure 114 ). Epigynal plate flat, copulatory openings ventrally orientated ( Fig. 116A View Figure 116 ). Spermathecae walls weakly sclerotized. Copulatory and fertilization ducts coiled, longer than the spermatheca length and cuticle well sclerotized ( Figs 116F View Figure 116 , 118D View Figure 118 ). Accessory gland ductiles concentrated near the duct junction, accessory glands acorn-shaped and in individual pits ( Fig. 116B, E View Figure 116 ).

Male: size and somatic morphology similar to that of the female ( Fig. 115C, D View Figure 115 ). PLS triplet reduced to nubbins. Epiandrous plate well sclerotized, fusules immersed in a transverse groove with their bases wider than fusule shaft ( Fig. 114F View Figure 114 ). Palpal patella without macrosetae. Palpal femora very long, more than four times its width. Tibia length slightly more

802 F. ÁLVAREZ-PADILLA and G. HORMIGA than one times its width ( Fig. 117D View Figure 117 ). Paracymbium shorter than half the cymbium length, curved and with the distal margin swollen ( Fig. 117F View Figure 117 ). Subtegulum ectally displaced ( Fig. 117C View Figure 117 ). Conductor edges well sclerotized, median sections rigid but weakly sclerotized. Conductor-tegulum attachment membranous ( Figs 117E View Figure 117 , 118C View Figure 118 ). Embolus base rectangular, longer than wide ( Fig. 118C View Figure 118 ). Embolus flexible and weakly sclerotized. Sperm duct with more than five coils ( Fig. 118A, B View Figure 118 ).

Natural history: There are nine described species of Tylorida , all from the Australasian region, with some species extending to western South Africa and Cameroon ( Chrysanthus, 1975; Davies, 1988; Zhu et al., 2003). Tylorida striata builds horizontal webs with c. 20 spiral switchbacks, c. 15 radii, an open hub, and an open sector ( Fig. 5E View Figure 5 ). The reproductive behaviour of Tylorida ventralis ( Thorell, 1877) has been recently documented ( Preston-Mafham & Cahill, 2000). The web building behaviour of T. striata was described by Eberhard (1982).

Taxonomy: The monophyly of Tylorida remains to be tested. The Chinese Tylorida species were recently treated by Zhu et al. (2002) and the Japanese species by Tanikawa (2005). A previous phylogenetic analysis proposed T. striata as sister to Mesida ( Fig. 141B View Figure 141 ; Tanikawa, 2001). The sister taxa relationships of Tylorida with other Leucauginae genera are unresolved by the data set of morphology plus behaviour ( Fig. 143A, B View Figure 143 ). In the total evidence analysis Tylorida is sister to Orsinome ( Fig. 144 View Figure 144 ).