Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833

SCHÖNHOFER, AXEL L., 2013, Axel L. Schönhofer, Zootaxa 3679 (1), pp. 1-68 : 49-52

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.3679.1.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:770B1AA2-869F-4F1B-8010-0E3FAECB0592

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E65412B-FE68-FFE9-FF2C-FD3BE45CFCAA

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scientific name

Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833
status

 

Family Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833 View in CoL

Trogulides Sundevall, 1833: 35 (proposed as family; compr. Trogulus , Caeculus ); type genus Trogulus Latreille, 1802 , inferable from the stem of the family name (ICZN 11.7.1.1);—C.L. Koch 1839b: 7 (compr. Trogulus ).

Trogulidae View in CoL — Simon 1872a: 239 (compr. Trogulus View in CoL , Cyphophthalmus View in CoL ); Roewer 1940: 26 (compr. Anelasmocephalus View in CoL , Calathocratus View in CoL , Kofiniotis View in CoL , Platybessobius View in CoL , Trogulocratus View in CoL , Trogulus View in CoL ); Šilhavý 1967: 176 (compr. Anarthrotarsus View in CoL , Anelasmocephalus View in CoL , Calathocratus View in CoL , Kofiniotis View in CoL , Platybessobius View in CoL , Trogulocratus View in CoL , Trogulus View in CoL ); Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71 (compr. Anarthrotarsus View in CoL , Anelasmocephalus View in CoL , Calathocratus View in CoL , Kofiniotis View in CoL , Trogulus View in CoL ).

Trogulini— Sørensen 1873: 515; Thorell 1876: 468 (as subfamily; compr. Anelasma View in CoL , Trogulus View in CoL ).

Trogulinae— Simon 1879a: 289 (compr. Trogulus , Anelasmocephalus , Calathocratus , Metopoctea ); Šilhavý, 1967: 175.

Remarks. Trogulus is understood as the type genus since Sundevall (1833: 35). Albeit C.L. Koch (1850: 98) indirectly designated Trogulus when assuming the group monotypic, Shear (1974: 67) seems the first to explicitly state Trogulus as the type genus. Some of the suggested changes in this family originate from a PhD thesis (Schönhofer 2009), which may not qualify as a valid taxonomic publication, hence they are given as new.

Genus Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967 (1 species)

Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967: 176 View in CoL ; type species Anarthrotarsus martensi Šilhavý, 1967 View in CoL by monotypy and original designation.

Etymology. Gender masculine; Greek, from „an“ (no), “arthron” (joint) and “tarsus” referring to the onesegmented tarsi of all legs.

martensi Šilhavý, 1967: 176 View in CoL ; loc. typ.: The original type locality Greece, Corfu, provided by Roewer, is doubtful for his known meddling with localities ( Helversen & Martens 1972) and because the species was never collected there again. If it can’t be confirmed, the affirmed paratype locality ( Greece, Crete, Bay of Sithia) should be preferred (ICZN 76A.2).

Genus Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879a View in CoL (13 species)

Anelasma Sørensen, 1873: 519 View in CoL ; type species Anelasma lycosinum Sørensen, 1873 by subsequent designation ( Thorell 1876: 468).

Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879a: 297 View in CoL ; replacement name for Anelasma Sørensen, 1873 View in CoL , preoccupied by Anelasma Darwin, 1854 View in CoL .

Rhexana Sørensen, 1879: 124 View in CoL ; the other suggested replacement name, Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879a View in CoL , has priority.

Etymology. Gender masculine; Greek, from „an“ (no) and “elasma” (plate) “kephalé” (head) referring to the small head cap in comparison to Dicranolasma ( Sørensen 1873) .

balearicus Martens & Chemini, 1988: 35; loc. typ.: Spain, Mallorca, settlement near Palma.

brignolii Martens & Chemini, 1988: 29; loc. typ.: Italy, Sardinia, Nuoro, Macomer, Borore.

calcaneatus Martens & Chemini, 1988: 31; loc. typ.: Italy, Sicily, Palermo, Corleone, Bosco della Ficuzza.

cambridgei ( Westwood, 1874) ; nomen protectum; loc. typ.: Great Britain, Dorset, Bloxworth near Blandford.

Trogulus violaceus Gervais, 1844: 130 ; nomen oblitum: Assigned to Anelasmocephalus View in CoL by Schönhofer (2009: 187). Pabst (1953: 22) mentioned the striking colouration as characteristic for all juveniles of this species. Being the older name it is here suggested to treat violaceus as nomen oblitum in favour of the established name cambridgei View in CoL (nomen protectum; ICZN 23.9.1). Trogulus violaceus has not been used as valid name after its year of description (ICZN 23.9.1.1) and at least 150 works list the name Anelasmocephalus cambridgei View in CoL (ICZN 23.9.1.2).

Trogulus cambridgei Westwood, 1874: 202 View in CoL ; citation misspelled as cambridgii in Martens & Chemini 1988: 36. Anelasma sörenseni L. Koch, 1877: 195 ;—syn. Simon 1879a: 299.

Anelasma sorenseni — Simon 1879a: 299.

Anelasmocephalus cambridgei View in CoL — Simon 1879a: 299; Martens 1978: 176; Martens & Chemini 1988: 36 (redescr.).

crassipes ( Lucas, 1849) View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Algeria, Eastern part. Remarks. The syntype series most likely comprises material pooled from four localities mentioned in the original description (according to the number of individuals and the label stating “Algérie”; for other examples of mixed Simon series see Schönhofer & Martens 2008, e.g. p. 548). According to ICZN 73.2.3, the type locality comprises all these localities until a lectotype is designated .

Trogulus crassipes Lucas, 1849: 305 View in CoL .

Trogulus annulipes Lucas, 1849: 306 View in CoL ;—syn. Martens & Chemini 1988: 26.

Anelasma oblongum Sørensen, 1873: 519 ;—syn. Martens & Chemini 1988: 26.

Anelasmocephalus bicarinatus Simon, 1879a: 298 View in CoL ;—syn. Martens & Chemini 1988: 26.

Anelasmocephalus oblongus View in CoL — Simon 1879a: 301.

Metopoctea annulipes — Simon 1879a: 311.

Anelasmocephalus crassipes View in CoL — Roewer 1923: 646; Martens & Chemini 1988: 26 (redescr.).

hadzii Martens, 1978 View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Austria, Karawanken, Eisenkappel.

Anelasmocephalus hadzii Martens, 1978: 181 View in CoL ;—Martens & Chemini 1988: 18.

lycosinus ( Sørensen, 1873) View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Italy, Prov. Rome, Gennazzano.

Anelasma lycosinum Sørensen, 1873: 521 .

Anelasmocephalus lycosinus View in CoL — Simon, 1879a: 297; Martens & Chemini 1988: 12 (redescr.).

osellai Martens & Chemini, 1988: 33; loc. typ.: Italy, L'Aquila, Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Marsicano Mountain.

pusillus Simon, 1879a View in CoL ; loc. typ.: France, Corsica (not further specified).

Anelasmocephalus pusillus Simon, 1879a: 300 View in CoL ;—Martens & Chemini 1988: 11 (redescr.).

pyrenaicus Martens, 1978 View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Spain, Central Pyrenees, Ordesa Valley.

Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus Martens, 1978: 184 View in CoL ;—Martens & Chemini 1988: 39. rufitarsis Simon, 1879a View in CoL ; loc. typ.: France, Basses-Alpes, Digne.

Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis Simon, 1879a: 298 View in CoL ;— Martens 1978: 180; Martens & Chemini 1988: 41 (redescr.).

tenuiglandis Martens & Chemini, 1988: 16; loc. typ.: France, Dép. Alpes-Maritimes, W St. Martin.

tuscus Martens & Chemini, 1988: 22; loc. typ.: Italy, Abetone, Cimone Mountain.

Genus Calathocratus Simon, 1879a View in CoL (9 species)

Calathocratus Simon, 1879a: 301 View in CoL ; type species Trogulus africanus Lucas, 1849 View in CoL by monotypy.

Platybessobius Roewer, 1940: 27 View in CoL ; type species Platybessobius singularis Roewer, 1940 View in CoL by monotypy;—syn. Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71.

Trogulocratus Roewer, 1940: 27 View in CoL ; type species Trogulocratus intermedius Roewer, 1940 View in CoL by monotypy;—syn. Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71.

Remarks. When describing Calathocratus, Simon (1879a) defined Trogulus africanus as the type species, but based the description of the genus on a different species, rendering the description invalid. The genus name remained available by specification of the type species and a redescription of the genus should consider the original type series of africanus (MHNP 2201; Schönhofer 2009: 172).

Schönhofer and Martens (2010a) united three poly- and paraphyletic genera within Calathocratus . A list of taxonomic changes deemed unnecessary. The same authors also showed cryptic diversity to be extraordinarily high, while clear species delineation on the basis of molecular genetics or morphology could not be realised.

Etymology. Gender masculine; maybe from Greek „kalathos“ (flared fruit basket borne on the head as a symbol of fruitfulness in Greek and Egyptian mythology; compare Gruber 2003 for Simon’s preference to integrate Egyptian mythology in taxonomy) and “kratos” (authority, maybe in terms of “head of”), likely circumscribing the conspicuous head cap of these opilionids.

africanus ( Lucas, 1849) ; loc. typ.: Algeria, surroundings of Algiers (as specified on the label of the type series MHNP 2201 View Materials ; Schönhofer 2009: 173) .

Trogulus africanus Lucas, 1849: 304 View in CoL .

Calathocratus africanus View in CoL — Simon 1879a: 301.

Trogulocratus tunetanus Roewer, 1950 View in CoL ; syn. n.: Schönhofer (2009: 173) found the types of tunetanus View in CoL to be conspecific with the types of africanus View in CoL .

beieri Gruber, 1968: 435 View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Turkey, Anatolia, Vilayet Içel, Namrun (?amlĭyayla).

caucasicus ( Šilhavý, 1966b) View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Russia, Kuban, Michajlov.

Platybessobius caucasicus Šilhavý, 1966b: 151 View in CoL .

Calathocratus caucasicus View in CoL — Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71.

hirsutus Snegovaya, 2011 (in Snegovaya & Chumachenko 2011: 117); loc. typ.: Russia, Sochi, N Khosta,

Caucasian State Natural Biospheric Reserve, yew and box-tree grove.

intermedius ( Roewer, 1940) View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Greece, Crete, Meskla. Remarks. The locality is doubtful for reasons explained under Anarthrotarsus View in CoL and Kofiniotis View in CoL , and because the species has never been recollected on Crete.

Trogulocratus intermedius Roewer, 1940: 28 View in CoL .

Calathocratus intermedius View in CoL — Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71; Schönhofer 2009: 173.

minutus Snegovaya, 2011 (in Snegovaya & Chumachenko 2011: 117); loc. typ.: Russia, Sochi, N Khosta,

Caucasian State Natural Biospheric Reserve, yew and box-tree grove.

rhodiensis ( Gruber, 1963) View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Greece, Rhodos, Apollo Temple on Smith Mountain.

Trogulocratus rhodiensis Gruber, 1963: 308 View in CoL .

Calathocratus rhodiensis View in CoL — Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71.

singularis ( Roewer, 1940) View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Greece, Crete, Topolia Gorge.

Platybessobius singularis Roewer, 1940: 27 View in CoL .

Calathocratus singularis View in CoL — Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71.

sinuosus ( Sørensen, 1873) View in CoL ; loc. typ.: Italy, Prov. Rome, Gennazzano.

Trogulus sinuosus Sørensen, 1873: 522 View in CoL .

Trogulus albicerus Sørensen, 1873: 523 View in CoL ; syn. n.: Described from the same locality, albicerus View in CoL is based on juveniles of sinuosus (Schönhofer 2009: 173) View in CoL .

Trogulocratus apenninicus Marcellino, 1965: 327 ;—syn. Chemini & Gruber 1976: 132.

Trogulocratus sinuosus View in CoL — Chemini & Gruber 1976: 132.

Calathocratus sinuosus View in CoL — Schönhofer & Martens 2010a: 71.

Remarks. Brignoli and Raffaelli (1978: 94) synonymised the Italian apenninicus with the supposedly Greek intermedius , but given the geographic distance, it is unlikely that both are conspecific. Chemini and Gruber (1976: 132) redirected the synonymy of apenninicus to the Italian sinuosus .

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Arachnida

Order

Opiliones

Family

Trogulidae

Loc

Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833

SCHÖNHOFER, AXEL L. 2013
2013
Loc

Calathocratus caucasicus

Schonhofer, A. L. & Martens, J. 2010: 71
2010
Loc

Calathocratus intermedius

Schonhofer, A. L. & Martens, J. 2010: 71
2010
Loc

Calathocratus rhodiensis

Schonhofer, A. L. & Martens, J. 2010: 71
2010
Loc

Calathocratus singularis

Schonhofer, A. L. & Martens, J. 2010: 71
2010
Loc

Schonhofer, A. L. & Martens, J. 2010: 71
2010
Loc

Anelasmocephalus hadzii

Chemini, C. & Martens, J. 1988: 18
Martens, J. 1978: 181
1978
Loc

Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus

Chemini, C. & Martens, J. 1988: 39
Martens, J. 1978: 184
1978
Loc

Trogulocratus sinuosus

Chemini, C. & Gruber, J. 1976: 132
1976
Loc

Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967: 176

Silhavy, V. 1967: 176
1967
Loc

martensi Šilhavý, 1967: 176

Silhavy, V. 1967: 176
1967
Loc

Platybessobius caucasicus Šilhavý, 1966b: 151

Silhavy, V. 1966: 151
1966
Loc

Trogulocratus apenninicus

Chemini, C. & Gruber, J. 1976: 132
Marcellino, I. 1965: 327
1965
Loc

Trogulocratus rhodiensis

Gruber, J. 1963: 308
1963
Loc

Platybessobius

Schonhofer, A. L. & Martens, J. 2010: 71
Roewer, C. F. 1940: 27
1940
Loc

Trogulocratus

Schonhofer, A. L. & Martens, J. 2010: 71
Roewer, C. F. 1940: 27
1940
Loc

Trogulocratus intermedius

Roewer, C. F. 1940: 28
1940
Loc

Platybessobius singularis

Roewer, C. F. 1940: 27
1940
Loc

Anelasmocephalus crassipes

Chemini, C. & Martens, J. 1988: 26
Roewer, C. F. 1923: 646
1923
Loc

Anelasmocephalus

Simon, E. 1879: 297
1879
Loc

Rhexana Sørensen, 1879: 124

Sorensen, W. 1879: 124
1879
Loc

Anelasma sorenseni

Simon, E. 1879: 299
1879
Loc

Anelasmocephalus cambridgei

Chemini, C. & Martens, J. 1988: 36
Martens, J. 1978: 176
Simon, E. 1879: 299
1879
Loc

Anelasmocephalus bicarinatus

Chemini, C. & Martens, J. 1988: 26
Simon, E. 1879: 298
1879
Loc

Anelasmocephalus oblongus

Simon, E. 1879: 301
1879
Loc

Metopoctea annulipes

Simon, E. 1879: 311
1879
Loc

Anelasmocephalus lycosinus

Chemini, C. & Martens, J. 1988: 12
Simon, E. 1879: 297
1879
Loc

Anelasmocephalus pusillus

Chemini, C. & Martens, J. 1988: 11
Simon, E. 1879: 300
1879
Loc

Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis

Chemini, C. & Martens, J. 1988: 41
Martens, J. 1978: 180
Simon, E. 1879: 298
1879
Loc

Calathocratus Simon, 1879a: 301

Simon, E. 1879: 301
1879
Loc

Simon, E. 1879: 301
1879
Loc

Trogulus cambridgei

Chemini, C. & Martens, J. 1988: 36
Simon, E. 1879: 299
Koch, L. 1877: 195
Westwood, J. O. 1874: 202
1874
Loc

Anelasma Sørensen, 1873: 519

Thorell, T. 1876: 468
Sorensen, W. 1873: 519
1873
Loc

Anelasma oblongum Sørensen, 1873: 519

Chemini, C. & Martens, J. 1988: 26
Sorensen, W. 1873: 519
1873
Loc

Anelasma lycosinum Sørensen, 1873: 521

Sorensen, W. 1873: 521
1873
Loc

Trogulus sinuosus Sørensen, 1873: 522

Sorensen, W. 1873: 522
1873
Loc

Trogulus albicerus Sørensen, 1873: 523

Sorensen, W. 1873: 523
1873
Loc

Trogulidae

Schonhofer, A. L. & Martens, J. 2010: 71
Silhavy, V. 1967: 176
Roewer, C. F. 1940: 26
Simon, E. 1872: 239
1872
Loc

Trogulus crassipes

Lucas, P. H. 1849: 305
1849
Loc

Trogulus annulipes

Chemini, C. & Martens, J. 1988: 26
Lucas, P. H. 1849: 306
1849
Loc

Trogulus africanus

Lucas, P. H. 1849: 304
1849
Loc

Trogulus violaceus

Pabst, W. 1953: 22
Gervais, P. 1844: 130
1844
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