Callicebus brunneus (Wagner, 1842)

Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson, 2013, Phitheciidae, Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 432-483 : 467

18.

Brown Tit

Callicebus brunneus

French: Titi brun / German: Brauner Springaffe / Spanish: Titi pardo

Other common names: Brown Titi Monkey

Taxonomy. Callithrix brunea Wagner, 1842 ,

Rio Madeira, Brazil.

C. brunneus was considered to be a subspecies of C. moloch by P. Hershkovitz in his first review of the genus in 1963 but a full species in his reviews of 1988 and 1990. C. brunneus is a member of the moloch species group. Monotypic.

Distribution. S Amazon Basin in Brazil (S of the Abuna/Madeira river system as far as the confluence of the Madeira with the Rio Jiparana), SE Peru (Madre de Dios Region, as far W as the foothills of the Andes), and N Bolivia (W of the Rio Mamoré and N of the Rio Madre de Dios). In the Brazilian state of Rondonia, C. brunneus is found in the Mamoré/Madeira/Jiparana interfluvium, limited to the S in part by the Serra dos Pacaas Novos and distributions of the White-eared Titi ( C. donacophilus ) and Prince Bernhard’s Titi ( C. bernhardi ) to the S. It is unclear if there is contact among the species in this zone.

Descriptive notes. Head-body 30-34.5 cm (males) and 30-32.5 cm (females), tail 37.1-42 cm (males) and 38-44 cm (females); weight 850 g. Male and female Brown Titis are indistinguishable in size and coloration. Upper body is dark brown. Forehead, forearms, legs, and cheiridia (hands and feet) are blackish to dark brown. Sideburns are blackish to dark reddish-brown. Underparts are brownish or reddish and not distinguished from sides of body. Distal one-third oftail is buffy mixed with black.

Habitat. Lowland Amazon rainforest at elevations of 100-400 m. Like other titis in the moloch group, the Brown Titi occupies lowerstrata in the forest and appears to be tolerant of habitat disturbance because it is found in isolated forest fragments in many areas, particularly in Brazil.

Food and Feeding. Data from three field studies of Brown Titis in Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve in Peru found a predominance of fruit in their diets (50-70%), which is typical of the titis in general, but relatively large proportions of leaves (14— 39%) and arthropods (8-17%) compared with most other species oftitis. Flowers were also occasionally eaten (less than 1-2%). Brown Titis may not consume seeds in any significant amount. It is unclear if this relatively folivorous diet is the result of specific local conditions or a characteristic of the Brown Titi in particular or members of the moloch species group in general.

Breeding. Adult Brown Titis form monogamous pairs, with the male participating actively in parental care primarily by transporting the infant.

Activity patterns. Behavioral data for one group of Brown Titis in Peru indicated a typical pattern of a large amount of time spent resting (59% of activity budget) and much less time moving (18%), foraging and feeding (13%), and engaging in social behaviors (10%); other activities accounted for the remaining 10% of their time.

Movements, Home range and Social organization. Groups of Brown Titis in Manu National Park occupy small home ranges of 3-18 ha and move over correspondingly short distances each day, with the minimum of 150 m/day being the shortest recorded for any species oftitis. Much longer distances were also recorded for two study groups, up to a maximum of 1450 m/day, with an overall mean of 637 m/day. The Brown Titi typically forms small family groups composed of a breeding pair and their immature offspring. Most groups thus contain 3-5 individuals, although groups as large as seven individuals have been observed. Maturing offspring of both sexes disperse systematically from their natal groups,typically in the second one-half of the year, with peak dispersal in September in Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve. A density of 0-94 groups/km? or 2-8 ind/km? was recorded in south-eastern Peru near the Bolivian border.

Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Brown Titi is buffered by its relatively large and isolated geographic distribution. It may be hunted frequently in Bolivia, but there is little or no hunting pressure in Brazil. It occurs in a number of prominent protected areas including Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Megantoni National Sanctuary, and Tambopata National Reserve in Peru and Manuripi-Heath National Reserve in Bolivia. The Brown Titi also occurs in numerous protected areas in northern Rondonia including Jamari National Forest, Guajara-Mirim State Park, and a number of indigenous reservations.

Bibliography. Anderson (1997), Aquino & Encarnacién (1994b), Bossuyt (2002), Buchanan-Smith et al. (2000), Crandlemire-Sacco (1988), Encarnacion & Castro (1990), Ferrari et al. (2000), Hershkovitz (1963, 1988, 1990), Lawler et al. (2006), Lawrence (2003, 2007), Norconk (2011), Rowe & Martinez (2003), Veiga, Wallace & Ferrari (2008a), Vermeer (2009), Wright (1986b).

Figures

On following pages: 20. Madidi Titi (Callicebus aureipalatii); 21. Medem'’s Titi (Callicebus medemi); 22. White-collared Titi (Callicebus torquatus); 23. White-chested Titi (Callicebus lugens); 24. Yellow-handed Titi (Callicebus lucifen; 25. Rio Purus Titi (Callicebus purinus); 26. Rio Jurué Collared Titi (Callicebus regulus); 27. Black-fronted Titi (Callicebus nigrifrons); 28. Masked Titi (Callicebus personatus); 29. Southern Bahian Titi (Callicebus melanochir); 30. Blond Titi (Callicebus barbarabrownae); 31. Coimbra-Filho's Titi (Callicebus coimbral).

Distribution. S Amazon Basin in Brazil (S of the Abuna/Madeira river system as far as the confluence of the Madeira with the Rio Jiparana), SE Peru (Madre de Dios Region, as far W as the foothills of the Andes), and N Bolivia (W of the Rio Mamoré and N of the Rio Madre de Dios). In the Brazilian state of Rondonia, C. brunneus is found in the Mamoré/Madeira/Jiparana interfluvium, limited to the S in part by the Serra dos Pacaas Novos and distributions of the White-eared Titi ( C. donacophilus ) and Prince Bernhard’s Titi ( C. bernhardi ) to the S. It is unclear if there is contact among the species in this zone.