Spermophilus F. Cuvier 1825

Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Rodentia - Family Sciuridae, Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 754-818 : 803

Spermophilus F. Cuvier 1825

Spermophilus F. Cuvier 1825 , Dentes des Mammiferes: 255.

Type Species: Mus citellus Linnaeus 1766

Synonyms: Anisonyx Rafinesque 1817 ; Arctomys Schreber 1780 ; Citellus Oken 1816 ; Citillus Lichtenstein 1830 ; Colobates Milne-Edwards 1874 ; Colobotis Brandt 1844 ; Ictidomoides Mearns 1907 ; Notocitellus A. H. Howell 1938 ; Otocolobus Brandt 1844 ; Spermatophilus Wagler 1830 ; Spermophilis Richardson 1839 ; Urocitellus Obolenskij 1927 .

Species and subspecies: 41 species with 105 subspecies in 6 subgenera:

Subgenus Spermophilus (Spermophilus) F. Cuvier 1825

Subgenus Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) Brandt 1844

Subgenus Spermophilus (Xerospermophilus) Merriam 1892

Subgenus Spermophilus (Ictidomys) J. A. Allen 1877

Subgenus Spermophilus (Poliocitellus) A. H. Howell 1938

Subgenus Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) Merriam 1897

Species Spermophilus adocetus Merriam 1903

Subspecies Spermophilus adocetus subsp. adocetus Merriam 1903

Subspecies Spermophilus adocetus subsp. infernatus Alvarez and Ramírez-P. 1968

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) alashanicus Büchner 1888

Species Spermophilus annulatus Audubon and Bachman 1842

Subspecies Spermophilus annulatus subsp. annulatus Audubon and Bachman 1842

Subspecies Spermophilus annulatus subsp. goldmani Merriam 1902

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) armatus Kennicott 1863

Species Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) atricapillus W. Bryant 1889

Species Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) beecheyi Richardson 1829

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) beecheyi subsp. beecheyi Richardson 1829

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) beecheyi subsp. douglasii Richardson 1829

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) beecheyi subsp. fisheri Merriam 1893

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) beecheyi subsp. nesioticus Elliot 1904

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) beecheyi subsp. nudipes Huey 1931

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) beecheyi subsp. parvulus A. H. Howell 1931

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) beecheyi subsp. rupinarum Huey 1931

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) beecheyi subsp. sierrae A. H. Howell 1938

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) beldingi Merriam 1888

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) beldingi subsp. beldingi Merriam 1888

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) beldingi subsp. creber Hall 1940

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) beldingi subsp. oregonus Merriam 1898

Species Spermophilus brevicauda Brandt 1843

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) brunneus A. H. Howell 1928

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) canus Merriam 1898

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) citellus ( Linnaeus 1766)

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) citellus subsp. citellus Linnaeus 1766

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) citellus subsp. gradojevici Martino 1929

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) citellus subsp. istricus Calinescu 1934

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) citellus subsp. martinoi Peshchev 1955

Species Spermophilus columbianus (Ord 1815)

Subspecies Spermophilus columbianus subsp. columbianus Ord 1815

Subspecies Spermophilus columbianus subsp. ruficaudus A. H. Howell 1928

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) dauricus Brandt 1843

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) elegans Kennicott 1863

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) elegans subsp. elegans Kennicott 1863

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) elegans subsp. aureus Davis 1939

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) elegans subsp. nevadensis A. H. Howell 1928

Species Spermophilus erythrogenys Brandt 1841

Species Spermophilus (Poliocitellus) franklinii (Sabine 1822)

Species Spermophilus fulvus (Lichtenstein 1823)

Subspecies Spermophilus fulvus subsp. fulvus Lichtenstein 1823

Subspecies Spermophilus fulvus subsp. hypoleucos Satunin 1909

Subspecies Spermophilus fulvus subsp. oxianus Thomas 1915

Species Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis (Say 1823)

Subspecies Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis subsp. lateralis Say 1823

Subspecies Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis subsp. arizonensis V. Bailey 1913

Subspecies Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis subsp. bernardinus Merriam 1898

Subspecies Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis subsp. castanurus Merriam 1890

Subspecies Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis subsp. certus Goldman 1921

Subspecies Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis subsp. chrysodeirus Merriam 1890

Subspecies Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis subsp. cinerascens Merriam 1890

Subspecies Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis subsp. connectens A. H. Howell 1931

Subspecies Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis subsp. mitratus A. H. Howell 1931

Subspecies Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis subsp. tescorum Hollister 1911

Subspecies Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis subsp. trepidus Taylor 1910

Subspecies Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis subsp. trinitatus Merriam 1901

Subspecies Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) lateralis subsp. wortmani J. A. Allen 1895

Species Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) madrensis Merriam 1901

Species Spermophilus major (Pallas 1778)

Species Spermophilus (Ictidomys) mexicanus ( Erxleben 1777)

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) mexicanus subsp. mexicanus Erxleben 1777

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) mexicanus subsp. parvidens Mearns 1896

Species Spermophilus (Xerospermophilus) mohavensis Merriam 1889

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) mollis Kennicott 1863

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) mollis subsp. mollis Kennicott 1863

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) mollis subsp. artemesiae Merriam 1913

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) mollis subsp. idahoensis Merriam 1913

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) musicus Ménétries 1832

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) pallidicauda Satunin 1903

Species Spermophilus parryii Richardson 1825

Subspecies Spermophilus parryii subsp. parryii Richardson 1825

Subspecies Spermophilus parryii subsp. ablusus Osgood 1903

Subspecies Spermophilus parryii subsp. kennicottii Ross 1861

Subspecies Spermophilus parryii subsp. kodiacensis J. A. Allen 1874

Subspecies Spermophilus parryii subsp. leucostictus Brandt 1844

Subspecies Spermophilus parryii subsp. lyratus Hall and Gilmore 1932

Subspecies Spermophilus parryii subsp. nebulicola Osgood 1903

Subspecies Spermophilus parryii subsp. osgoodi Merriam 1900

Subspecies Spermophilus parryii subsp. plesius Osgood 1900

Subspecies Spermophilus parryii subsp. stejnegeri J. A. Allen 1903

Species Spermophilus (Ictidomys) perotensis Merriam 1893

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) pygmaeus (Pallas 1778)

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) pygmaeus subsp. pygmaeus Pallas 1778

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) pygmaeus subsp. brauneri Martino 1914

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) pygmaeus subsp. herbicolus Martino 1914

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) pygmaeus subsp. mugosaricus Lichtenstein 1823

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) ralli Kuznetsov 1948

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) relictus Kashkarov 1923

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) richardsonii (Sabine 1822)

Species Spermophilus (Callospermophilus) saturatus Rhoads 1895

Species Spermophilus (Ictidomys) spilosoma Bennett 1833

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) spilosoma subsp. spilosoma Bennett 1833

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) spilosoma subsp. altiplanensis Anderson 1972

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) spilosoma subsp. ammophilus Hoffmeister 1959

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) spilosoma subsp. annectens Merriam 1893

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) spilosoma subsp. bavicorensis Anderson 1972

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) spilosoma subsp. cabrerai Dalquest 1951

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) spilosoma subsp. canescens Merriam 1890

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) spilosoma subsp. cryptospilotus Merriam 1890

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) spilosoma subsp. marginatus V. Bailey 1902

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) spilosoma subsp. obsoletus Kennicott 1863

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) spilosoma subsp. oricolus Alvarez 1962

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) spilosoma subsp. pallescens A. H. Howell 1928

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) spilosoma subsp. pratensis Merriam 1890

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) suslicus (Guldenstaedt 1770)

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) suslicus subsp. suslicus Guldenstaedt 1770

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) suslicus subsp. boristhenicus Pusanov 1958

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) suslicus subsp. guttatus Pallas 1770

Species Spermophilus (Xerospermophilus) tereticaudus Baird 1858

Subspecies Spermophilus (Xerospermophilus) tereticaudus subsp. tereticaudus Baird 1858

Subspecies Spermophilus (Xerospermophilus) tereticaudus subsp. apricus Huey 1927

Subspecies Spermophilus (Xerospermophilus) tereticaudus subsp. chlorus Elliot 1904

Subspecies Spermophilus (Xerospermophilus) tereticaudus subsp. neglectus Merriam 1889

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) townsendii Bachman 1839

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) townsendii subsp. townsendii Bachman 1839

Subspecies Spermophilus (Spermophilus) townsendii subsp. nancyae Nadler 1968

Species Spermophilus (Ictidomys) tridecemlineatus (Mitchill 1821)

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) tridecemlineatus subsp. tridecemlineatus Mitchill 1821

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) tridecemlineatus subsp. alleni Merriam 1898

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) tridecemlineatus subsp. arenicola A. H. Howell 1928

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) tridecemlineatus subsp. blanca Armstrong 1971

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) tridecemlineatus subsp. hollisteri V. Bailey 1913

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) tridecemlineatus subsp. monticola A. H. Howell 1928

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) tridecemlineatus subsp. olivaceous J. A. Allen 1895

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) tridecemlineatus subsp. pallidus J. A. Allen 1874

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) tridecemlineatus subsp. parvus J. A. Allen 1895

Subspecies Spermophilus (Ictidomys) tridecemlineatus subsp. texensis Merriam 1898

Species Spermophilus undulatus (Pallas 1778)

Subspecies Spermophilus undulatus subsp. undulatus Pallas 1778

Subspecies Spermophilus undulatus subsp. altaica Brandt 1841

Subspecies Spermophilus undulatus subsp. jacutensis Brandt 1844

Subspecies Spermophilus undulatus subsp. menzbieri Ognev 1937

Subspecies Spermophilus undulatus subsp. stramineus Obolenskii 1927

Subspecies Spermophilus undulatus subsp. transbaikalicus Obolenskii 1927

Species Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) variegatus ( Erxleben 1777)

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) variegatus subsp. variegatus Erxleben 1777

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) variegatus subsp. buckleyi Slack 1861

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) variegatus subsp. couchii Baird 1855

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) variegatus subsp. grammurus Say 1823

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) variegatus subsp. robustus Durrant and Hansen 1954

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) variegatus subsp. rupestris J. A. Allen 1903

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) variegatus subsp. tularosae Benson 1932

Subspecies Spermophilus (Otospermophilus) variegatus subsp. utah Merriam 1903

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) washingtoni A. H. Howell 1938

Species Spermophilus (Spermophilus) xanthoprymnus Bennett 1835

Discussion: Tribe Marmotini ( Moore, 1959) . Citellus Oken, 1816 has been widely used, but is invalid ( Corbet, 1978 c:82; Hershkovitz, 1949 b). Includes Otospermophilus , Xerospermophilus , Ictidomys , Poliocitellus , Callospermophilus , and Spermophilus as subgenera ( Hall, 1981:382); Gromov et al. (1965) gave the first three taxa generic rank, and considered Poliocitellus a subgenus of Ictidomys , while placing Callospermophilus and Otospermophilus as sister subgenera under genus Otospermophilus . North American species revised by A. H. Howell (1938). Eurasian species revised by Gromov et al. (1965) who also recognized Colobotis and Urocitellus as subgenera; but see Hall (1981:382), who included them in subgenus Spermophilus . Holarctic species reviewed by Nadler et al. (1982, 1984). A key to the genus was given by Rickart and Yensen (1991).