Neochlamisus bebbianae ( Brown, 1943 ) IV

Chaboo, Caroline S., Brown, Christopher G. & Funk, Daniel J., 2008, Faecal case architecture in the gibbosus species group of Neochlamisus Karren, 1972 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae: Chlamisini), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152 (2), pp. 315-351 : 327-339

Neochlamisus bebbianae ( Brown, 1943) IV :

Acer rubrum host form ( Figs 9 , 10 )

Egg case ( Fig. 9B–E ): Size (N = 6): L, 1.68–1.87 mm; W at roof, 0.95–1.05 mm. Colour: unevenly brownishblack. Shape: bell-like; symmetrical in lateral aspect; apex rounded; egg stalk present, slender, translucent, one-third of the length of case, lacking coiling. External surface: coarse, with pine cone-like appearance; faeces arranged as overlapping plates, dorsal margin of plates exposed, surface protuberant, producing pine cone-like appearance; plates at apex of case project vertically; longitudinal ridges absent. Roof: transverse, coarse, slightly concave; flange: narrow. Internal surface: smoother than external surface; plates and ridges not apparent. Walls: evenly narrow. Trichomes: present, simple, sparse, deeply embedded into faecal matrix.

Larva-I case ( Fig. 9B, F–I ): Size (N = 11): L, 1.47– 1.79 mm; W at base opening, 0.94–0.99 mm. Colour: uneven brownish black, larval section grey-black. Shape: bell-like, symmetrical to asymmetrical according to age; egg case generally intact; egg stalk present or absent; base opening transverse. External surface: coarse, larval section with dark fine transverse faecal rows. Internal surface: lacking apparent plates and ridges ( Fig. 9G ). Walls: evenly narrow ( Fig. 9H, I ). Trichomes: apparent, deeply embedded into matrix, not protuberant, lacking furry appearance.

Larva-II case ( Figs 9B , 10A, B ): Size (N = 8): L, 2.05– 2.21 mm; W at base opening, 1.34–1.36 mm. Colour: uneven dark brownish-black, larval sections greyishbrown, younger sections grey. Shape: tubular, asymmetrical; ventral, lateral, and dorsal surfaces apparent; ventral wall shorter than dorsal wall; apex dome-like. Egg case: apparent; shape, position, and texture generally intact; egg stalk absent. Ventral surface: with ventral suture and triangular insertion extending subapically to margin; insertion protuberant, occupying half of the total ventral surface. External surface: rough; larval sections with fine parallel rows of faecal deposit. Base opening: transverse, margin simple. Walls and apex: generally narrow, slightly thicker in larval section. Internal surface texture of larval section: smoother than external surface; egg section partially papered over with faecal layer. Trichomes: apparent, sparse, deeply embedded into matrix, decumbent.

Larva-III case ( Figs 9B , 10C–F ): Size (N = 4): L, 4.45– 5.44 mm, W at base opening, 2.6–3.25 mm. Shape: tubular; ventral, lateral, and dorsal walls apparent. Egg case: apparent, position inclined ventrad, shape distorted by ventral insertion of faecal field. External surface: rough, faeces in fine rows ( Fig. 10C, D ); plates and ridges absent. Anterior surface with transverse faecal rows; lateral surface with obliquely transverse faecal rows; posterior surface with longitudinal faecal rows and medial ventral suture; ventral suture extending from apex through egg case to basal margin. Base opening: transverse, dorsal wall longer than ventral wall; margin simple. Internal surface: smooth; rows, projections, and plates not apparent; walls evenly thick, broader than in egg case. Trichomes: present, sparse, deeply embedded in matrix, decumbent.

Larva-IV case ( Fig. 9B ): Size (N = 4): L, 6.49– 6.81 mm; W at base opening, 4.40–4.64 mm. Colour: brownish-black. Shape: tubular, asymmetrical in lateral view, ventral surface somewhat flattened. Egg case: apparent, distorted with ventral insertion of faeces, position inclined ventrad. External surface: rough, striated appearance with faecal rows orientated longitudinally on ventral surface, obliquely transverse laterally and transverse dorsally. Base opening: transverse, margin simple. Internal surface: smooth, walls evenly thick; rows, ridges, and plates not apparent. Trichomes: present, deeply embedded in faecal matrix.

Pupal case ( Figs 9B , 10H ): Size (N = 9): L, 6.98– 7.23 mm; W at base opening, 4.74–5.20 mm. Colour: brownish-black. Shape: bean-shaped, asymmetrical in lateral view; ventral, lateral, and dorsal walls apparent. Egg case: not easily discernible, split hemispherically by ventral suture and faecal insertions, each hemisphere shifted laterad and ventrad. Ventral wall: somewhat flattened, texture coarse with fine faecal rows; faecal rows orientated longitudinally, faecal insertion occupying most of wall; ventral suture extending medially from apex to base. Lateral walls: bulging medially, tapering centrad apically and basally. Base: transverse, margin simple. Internal surface: smooth; plates, rows, and ridges absent. Trichomes: present, deeply embedded in faecal matrix, not forming furry surface.

Neochlamisus bimaculatus Karren, 1972 :

host plant Rubus spp . ( Fig. 11 )

Egg case ( Fig. 11B–E ): Size (N = 10): L, 1.27–1.61; W at roof, 0.97–1.18 mm. Colour: unevenly brownish black. Shape: bell-like; symmetrical in lateral aspect; flange narrow. Egg stalk: present, short, not coiled. External surface: coarse; faeces arranged as flattened plates; plates rounded to quadriform, some slightly protuberant medially, overlapping basally with apical margin exposed; longitudinal ridges absent. Roof: transverse; surface shallowly concave and texture coarse. Internal surface: smooth, scale outline sometimes apparent. Trichomes: present, sparse, deeply embedded in faecal matrix.

Larva-I case ( Fig. 11B ): Size (N = 8): L, 2.37–3.37 mm; W at base opening, 1.46–1.62 mm. Young cases: shape, colour, and texture the same as in egg case. Older cases: asymmetrical in lateral view; dorsal, ventral, and lateral surfaces distinct; egg section occupying half of the total case length; apex rounded; egg stalk present or absent. Larval section: with fine faecal rows extending longitudinally on ventral surface and transversely on other surfaces. Ventral suture: slightly protuberant, extending subapically to base. Base opening: transverse, basal margin continuous with lateral walls; flange of egg case slightly discernible. Internal surface: smooth, internal surface of egg case as original, larval surface lacking discernible patterns of plates, rows, or ridges. Wall thickness: evenly narrow. Trichomes: present, very sparse.

Larva-II case ( Fig. 11B, F ): Size (N = 8): L, 3.47– 5.06 mm; W at base opening, 1.7–2.40 mm. Colour: unevenly dark brownish-black. Shape: asymmetrical in lateral view; egg case apparent, inclined ventrad; apex rounded; attachment stalk absent. External surface: coarse; dorsal surface with faeces in transverse rows; ventral surface with larval section roughly triangular, occupying half of the total surface area, and comprising longitudinal rows; ventral suture extending subapically to base. Base opening: slightly transverse. Internal surface: smooth; rows, plates, or ridges absent. Walls: evenly thin. Trichomes: present, sparse, deeply embedded in faecal matrix.

Larva-III case ( Fig. 11B ): Size (N = 9): L, 5.12– 5.99 mm; W at base opening, 2.43–3.62 mm. Colour: uneven brownish-black, with striated appearance. Shape: asymmetrical; dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces apparent; apex rounded, apical margin continuous with lateral walls; diameter widest in basal third. Egg case: apparent, shape distorted, split into two hemispheres by larval insertion; inclined ventrad, appearing as nipple-like dome. External surface: coarse; longitudinal ridges absent. Ventral surface: with larval insertion occupying more than half of the total surface area; ventral suture extending from apex to base, dissecting egg case. Base opening: transverse. Internal surface: smoothened. Wall: thickness, surface, and trichome density as in case II.

Larva-IV case ( Fig. 11B, G–I ): Size (N = 9): L, 7.27– 7.78 mm; W at base opening, 4.96–5.12 mm. Shape, colour, surface texture, and trichome density and distribution, as in case III. Older cases: barrel-shaped, being widest in basal third; egg case distorted, inclined ventrad; base opening transverse. Internal surface ( Fig. 11H ): smoothened. Walls: with layers of faeces ( Fig. 11I ).

Pupal case ( Fig. 11B ): Size (N = 7): L, 7.98–785 mm; W at base, 4.96–5.12 mm. Shape, colour, texture, trichome pattern as in case IV; ventral wall shorter than dorsal wall.

Neochlamisus chamaedaphnes ( Brown, 1943)

( Figs 12 , 13 ): host plant Chamaedaphnae calyculata

Egg case ( Fig. 12B–D ): Size (N = 18): L, 1.55– 2.35 mm; W at roof, 0.84–1.24 mm. Colour: uneven, medium to dark brown. Shape: elongate bell-shape; symmetrical in lateral aspect; apex rounded; flange narrow. Egg stalk: slender, translucent, broadly coiled. External surface: coarse, wall comprised of faecal plates; plates somewhat flattened, triangular to quadriform, overlapping basally, apical margin exposed; apical plates project vertically; plate surface slightly protuberant medially, projections forming overall effect of slight, irregular longitudinal rows. Roof: surface rough, shallowly concave; flange narrow, thin, unevenly flared. Trichomes: present, sparse. Internal surface: smooth; plate outline slightly discernible; space between egg and wall narrow.

Larva-I case ( Fig. 12E–G ): Size (N = 9): L, 1.46– 2.00 mm; W at base opening, 0.81–0.87 mm. Colour: unevenly dark brown, larval section darker. Shape: bell-like, similar to egg case; apex rounded; apical faecal plates projecting slightly; egg stalk absent. External surface of larval section: rough, faeces arranged as fine horizontal rows, not pellets. Base opening: transverse; margin slightly flared. Ventral surface: apparent in older cases; ventral suture terminating subapically. Internal surface: smooth; wall of larval section slightly thicker than wall of egg case. Trichomes: present, sparse.

Larva-II case ( Fig. 13A–C ): Size (N = 4): L, 2.34– 2.91 mm; W at base opening, 1.39–1.72 mm. Shape: elongate tube, twice as long as base width; slightly asymmetrical in lateral view with anterior margin slightly longer than posterior margin. Apex: rounded; egg stalk absent. Egg case: generally intact, distorted ventrally by insertion of ventral suture and faecal wedge. Larval sections: darker brown than egg case; boundary between instar-I section and instar-II section marked by light-brown colour; surface texture scabrous. Ventral surface: with triangular faecal wedge occupying half the surface; surface slightly projecting, lateral margins with irregular projections. Ventral suture: terminating subapically. Base opening: slightly oblique in lateral view; margin simple, not flared. Internal surface: smooth, egg case surface intact, larval sections with rows not apparent. Wall of larval section: slightly thicker than in egg case.

Larva-III case: Size (N = 4): L, 3.84–4.09 mm; W at base opening, 1.84–1.87 mm. Shape: elongate tube, widest medially and slightly narrowed basally; asymmetrical in lateral view with dorsal wall longer than ventral wall; apex rounded. Egg case: split hemispherically by ventral suture, hemispheres connected apically; egg stalk absent. Larval section-III surface texture: coarser and lighter brown than previous sections. Base opening and margin: as in case II. Internal surface: smooth, external pattern of plates and rows not apparent; wall, evenly narrow. Trichomes: present, sparse, unevenly distributed, decumbent.

Larva-IV case ( Fig. 13D ): Size (N = 5): younger cases, L, 4.20–4.68 mm, W at base opening, 2.26–2.74 mm; older cases, L, 4.65–4.91 mm, W, 3.39 mm. Colour: light to dark brown, striated appearance, thick coloured bands marking some instar sections. Shape: ovoid to conical, widest in apical half, narrowed by half at base; apex rounded. External surface: granulose; section IV and posterior wall scabrous. Ventral surface: entirely comprised of longitudinal rows and suture; ventral suture slightly protuberant, extending from apex to base opening. Base opening and margin: as in case III. Trichomes: absent. Internal surface: smooth, without apparent patterns (no subunits, ridges, or rows); striated colour patterning apparent.

Pupal case ( Fig. 13E–G ): Size (N = 1): L, 5.82 mm; W at base, 3.37 mm. Colour: striated, medium to light brown. Shape: ovoid, asymmetrical lateral views, dorsal surface longer than ventral surface; egg case forming nipple-like projection at apex. Case: as in larval instar IV, similar in colour, striation, and faecal arrangement; diameter widest in basal section. Egg case: distorted, protuberant, and inclined ventrad. Base: circular in apical view, transverse in lateral view, margin thickened; disc-like seal, coarse.

Neochlamisus comptoniae ( Brown, 1943) ( Fig. 14 ): host plant Myrica asplenifolia

Egg case ( Fig. 14B–E ): Size (N = 10): L, 1.4–1.53 mm; W at roof, 0.89–0.92 mm. Colour: unevenly brownishblack. Shape: bell-like; symmetrical in lateral aspect; apex rounded or pointed; flange present, narrow; dorsal, ventral, and lateral walls not distinguishable; egg stalk present, short, not coiled, forming flattened disc at substrate. Roof: transverse, external texture coarse. External surface of walls: rough, faeces arranged in plates; plates rounded to quadriform, fitted together apically, overlapping with basal margin exposed; longitudinal ridges very weakly developed. Internal surface: smoothened; case walls evenly thin, external plate pattern not distinct. Trichomes: not apparent.

Larva-I case ( Fig. 14F, G ): Size (N = 7): L, 0.99– 1.35 mm; W at base opening, 1.65–2.46 mm. Young phase of case with shape, colour, texture, and symmetry as in egg case. Apex: rounded; lateral margins subparallel; base opening transverse. Flange of egg case: apparent. Larval case section: darker than egg case, with fine faecal rows. Older case: with insertion of ventral suture and development of dorsal, lateral, and ventral walls; suture terminating subapically. Internal surface: as in egg case, larval section darker and wall thicker. Trichomes: present, very sparse, deeply embedded in faecal matrix, evenly distributed.

Larva-II case ( Fig. 14H, I ): Size (N = 7): L, 2.54– 2.57 mm; W at base opening, 1.39–1.50 mm. Colour: uneven, egg case dark brown; sections of instars I–II darker, boundary between I and II marked by fine light-brown line. Shape: tubular, asymmetrical in lateral aspect, margins subparallel. Apex: rounded; egg case split ventrally by ventral suture and faecal insertion; flange of egg case apparent in some cases; egg stalk absent. External surface: coarse; larva I–II sections with faeces arranged in fine rows. Ventral surface: with protuberant triangular wedge, longitudinal faecal rows occupying half surface; ventral suture slightly protuberant, terminating subapically. Base opening: transverse, margin simple. Internal surface: rough, lacking any plates, ridges, or row patterns; colour and texture of egg case intact; larval section evenly darker; wall thickness evenly narrow. Trichomes: sparse, evenly distributed, and deeply embedded in faecal matrix.

Larva-III case ( Fig. 14B, J ): Size (N = 10): L, 4.15– 4.58 mm; W at base opening, 1.88–2.00 mm. Colour of larval sections: dark-brown/black. Shape: tubular, asymmetrical in lateral aspect. Egg case: occupying 1/8th of case length, split into two hemispheres, forming basal cap, position not markedly inclined ventrad. Ventral wall: with triangular wedge occupying two-thirds of the surface; ventral suture terminating subapically; walls with faeces arranged in rows. Internal surface: smooth, external patterning not apparent. Trichomes: apparent, sparse, evenly distributed, deeply embedded into faecal matrix.

Larva-IV case ( Fig. 14B ): Size (N = 9): L, 5.17– 5.18 mm; W at base opening, 2.86–3.00 mm. Shape: tubular, ovoid, widest in basal half. Egg case: distinguishable by lighter brown coloration, granular texture, and lack of colour striations; larval section darker, blackish, striated in appearance; surface texture granular in early stages, coarser in later phases; faecal rows unevenly ridged and coarse. Boundaries between subsequent larval phases distinguishable by texture changes, indentations, and sometimes coloration; indentation especially apparent on anterior wall between the instar I–II boundary. Base opening: transverse in lateral aspect, ventral wall shorter than dorsal wall; basal margin simple. Ventral surface: with broad faecal insertion occupying most of wall; ventral suture protuberant, terminating subapically. Internal surface: smooth; plates, ridges, and rows not apparent; wall evenly narrow. Trichome: density and distribution as in younger cases.

Pupal case ( Fig. 14B ): Size (N = 12): L, 5.40–5.42 mm; W at base opening, 3.26–3.32 mm. Colour, texture, and trichomes: as in larval case IV. Shape: somewhat barrel-shaped, apex and base inclined ventrad; ventral wall flattened. Egg case: split into two hemispheres, inclined ventrad. Base: obliquely transverse in lateral aspect; coarse seal texture, margin sometimes with irregular projections.

Neochlamisus cribripennis (LeConte, 1878)

( Figs 15 , 16 ): host plant Vaccinum spp .

Egg case ( Fig. 15B–D ): Size (N = 9): L, 1.48–1.56 mm; W at roof, 0.99–1.04 mm. Colour: unevenly dark brown. Shape: bell-like, symmetrical in lateral aspect; apex arcuate; egg stalk present, short, not coiled; flange slight. External surface: with faeces arranged in rounded plates; plates: protuberant medially, giving uneven surface texture, contiguous, not overlapping; longitudinal ridges absent. Trichomes: not apparent.

Larva-I case ( Fig. 15B ): Size (N = 5): L, 1.57–1.73 mm; W at base opening, 1.08–1.36 mm. Colour: background dark brown. Shape: conical, symmetrical in lateral view; apex arcuate; egg stalk present; flange of egg case distinct. External surface: flattened and rough; egg case with faecal plates fitted together, not overlapping; section I with faeces in horizontal rows, not in plates. Faecal rows arranged horizontally on ventral, lateral, and dorsal surfaces; ventral suture apparent in older cases. Base opening: slightly oblique; margin simple, not flared or thickened. Trichomes: not apparent.

Larva-II case ( Fig. 15B ): Size (N = 5): L, 2.53– 3.78 mm; W at base opening, 1.36–2.00 mm. Colour: unevenly dark brown; lighter brown marking boundaries between egg case and section I, and between sections I and II. Shape: generally conical, symmetrical in lateral view; apex rounded; egg stalk absent. Diameter of sections I and II similar, slightly wider than diameter of egg case at apical margin; remnants of flange of egg case apparent. External surface texture: scabrous with faecal rows. Ventral suture: present, terminating subapically, dissecting egg case. Base opening: oblique, basal margin simple, not thickened. Trichomes: present, sparse, irregularly arranged, deeply incorporated into wall matrix, some emergent and decumbent.

Larva-III case ( Figs 15E–G , 16A ): Size (N = 4): L, 4.31–4.36 mm; W at base opening, 1.63–2.23 mm. Colour: uneven dark brown, boundaries between egg case and section I, sections I–II and sections II–III marked by slightly lighter-brown coloration. Shape: conical, symmetrical in lateral view; apex rounded. External surface: rough. Ventral suture: extending from apex to base, dissecting egg case. Base opening: oblique; margin simple, uneven, not flared or thickened. Trichomes: as in case II.

Larva-IV case ( Figs 15B , 16C, D ): Size (N = 3): L, 4.31–4.86 mm; W at base opening, 2.61–2.8 mm. Colour: uneven dark brown; boundaries of sections distinct. Shape: barrel-like, symmetrical in lateral view; apex rounded. External surface: rough. Ventral suture: extended from apex to base, dissecting egg case. Base opening and margin: as in case III. Trichomes: as in cases IIand III.

Pupal case ( Figs 15B , 16B ): Size (N = 1): L, 5.47 mm; W at base opening, 3.28 mm. Shape, colour, texture, and trichomes as in instar IV. Apex: somewhat flattened; egg case discernible, inclined ventrad. Base opening: inclined at 45° to ventral wall, margins flared.

Neochlamisus eubati ( Brown, 1943) ( Fig. 17 ):

host plant Rubus spp .

Egg case ( Fig. 17B, C ): Size (N = 10): L, 1.62– 1.76 mm; W at roof, 1.00– 1.12 mm. Colour: dark brown. Shape: bell-like, approximately twice as long as wide; symmetrical in lateral aspect; flange very slight. Apex: rounded; egg stalk present, short, narrow, tan-coloured. Faeces shaped into flattened triangular plates; plates overlap basally, apical margins free; scale pattern indistinct near apex. External surface: uneven with inclusions of trichomes; longitudinal ridges not apparent; wall thickness very narrow; internal surface smooth. Base opening: rounded; disc seal concave, texture uneven, rough. Trichomes: sparse, evenly distributed, and deeply incorporated into faecal material, some trichomes occasionally protuberant.

Larva-I case ( Fig. 17B ): Size (N = 14): L, 1.58– 2.29 mm; W at base opening, 0.94–1.02 mm. Colour of larval addition: brownish-black. Shape, symmetry, texture, and colour of young cases: as in egg case. Older cases: double the length of egg case; ventral suture terminating subapically; lateral margins subparallel, evenly tapered. Egg case: intact except for ventral suture; egg stalk present or absent; flange of egg case sometimes apparent. Base opening: transverse in lateral aspect. Internal surface: smooth, thicker in larval section, external patterns of plates and rows not apparent internally.

Larva-II case ( Fig. 17F, G ): Size (N = 10): L, 2.18– 2.6 mm; W at base opening, 1.16–1.39 mm. Shape, colour, symmetry, and texture: as in late larva case I. Ventral surface: with triangular wedge, inserted by larvae I–II; ventral suture not protuberant, terminating subapically, dissecting egg case. Wedge: distinguishable from adjacent case material by inclusion of trichomes and coarse surface texture. Case-II section: with trichome inclusions more dense than in case I. Case diameter evenly enlarged basad. Base opening: rounded, obliquely transverse in lateral aspect; margin not flared. Internal surface: texture smooth.

Larva-III case ( Fig. 17H, I ): Size (N = 10): L, 3.22– 3.67 mm; W at base opening, 1.88–2.17 mm. Shape: tubular, as in case II. Egg case: completely split by ventral suture into two slightly protuberant lobes, and separated by triangular faecal wedge, inclined slightly ventrad. Larval insertions: with dense trichomes. Base opening: obliquely transverse in lateral view; lateral walls evenly tapered, widening basad. Internal surface: as in case II.

Larva-IV case ( Fig. 17J, K ): Size (N = 8): L, 5.37– 6.52 mm; W at base opening, 2.80–3.89 mm. Colour, texture, and orientation of faecal rows: as in case III. Shape of young cases: tubular, as in case III. Older cases: ovoid or barrel-shaped, widest near base opening; egg case distorted, as in case III. Ventral wall: slightly protuberant near base. Base opening: strongly obliquely transverse in lateral view, margin simple.

Pupal case ( Fig. 17B ): Size (N = 5): L, 5.76–6.82 mm; W at base, 4.13–4.67 mm. Shape: barrel-shaped, dorsal wall longer than ventral wall; apex somewhat flattened. Egg case: not easily discernible. Base: obliquely transverse; coarse seal texture. Internal surface: smooth, evenly thickened, multi-layered, layers parchment-like; apex thick, comprising many layers.

Neochlamisus platani (Brown, 1952) ( Figs 18 , 19 ): host plant Platanus occidentalis

Egg case ( Fig. 18B–E ): Size (N = 11): L, 1.32– 1.56 mm; W at roof, 0.91–0.95 mm. Colour: unevenly dark brown. Shape: bell-like, symmetrical in lateral aspect; apex rounded; roof margin simple, flange absent; egg stalk present. Walls composed of faecal plates; plates faintly pentagonal, fitted together basally, and overlapping apically, some projecting vertically at case apex; plate surface protuberant centrally. Wall with fine longitudinal ridges, extending from apex to base, spanning multiple plates; ridges evenly spaced and slightly radially arranged. Trichomes: present, filamentous type, medium density, evenly distributed, deeply embedded in matrix. Internal surface: rough, external plates and ridges not apparent; wall evenly thin. Roof: transverse, seal unevenly flattened.

Larva-I case ( Fig. 18G, H ): Size (N = 9): L, 2.13– 2.30 mm; W at base opening, 1.04–1.14 mm. Shape, colour, and symmetry of young case: as in egg case; larval section brownish-black; egg stalk sometimes present. Older cases: conical, asymmetrical in lateral aspect; dorsal, ventral, and lateral surfaces apparent. Ventral suture: terminating subapically; triangular faecal insertion not protuberant. Trichomes: present, stellate type, light to medium density. Internal surface: smooth. Wall of larval section: slightly thicker than in egg case. Base opening: obliquely transverse.

Larva-II case ( Figs 18B, F , 19A ): Size (N = 9): L, 3.94– 4.27 mm; W at base opening, 1.46–1.72 mm. Colour: uneven brown-black. Shape: tubular; egg case shape, position, and texture intact; ventral suture present ventrally, terminating subapically; apex evenly rounded; egg stalk lacking. Larval section with faeces as in instar I. Boundaries between egg case and larval-I case well demarcated; boundary between larval sections I and II obscured by trichomes. Internal surface: smooth. Base opening: obliquely transverse, anterior wall slightly longer than ventral wall. Trichomes: more dense than in case I, obscuring surface.

Larva-III case ( Figs 18B , 19B ): Size (N = 12): L, 4.97– 5.08 mm; W at base opening, 2.38–2.85 mm. Shape, colour, texture, and trichome arrangement: as in case II. Egg case: apparent, position inclined ventrad.

Larva-IV case ( Figs 18B , 19G, H ): Size (N = 8): L, 7.26–8.86 mm; W at base opening, 3.95–4.46 mm. Shape: tubular in young phase; barrel-like in older stage, widest in apical section. Asymmetry, colour, and trichome pattern: as in case III. Egg case: somewhat distorted, split into two hemispheres, inclined ventrad, diagnosable by lack of stellate trichomes.

Pupal case ( Figs 18B , 19I, J ): Size (N = 15): L, 7.33– 8.75 mm; W at base, 4.24–4.42 mm. Shape, colour, asymmetry, and trichome type and density: as in late case IV. Egg case: inclined ventrad, protuberant, overhanging ventral suture. Base: rough seal surface; trichomes present, medium density, incorporated into faecal matrix, not forming fuzz.

Figures

Figure 9. Neochlamisus bebbianae IV: Acer (maple) host form. A, adult habitus. B, case series from egg case (left) to pupal case (right). Instar-II case: broken. C, egg case, with twisted egg stalk. D, egg-case roof sealed. E, egg-case roof unsealed by instar-I larva. F, instar-I case, egg stalk intact. G–I, scanning electron micrographs. G, instar-I case, internal aspect. H, instar-I case, cross-section of apex showing faecal matrix. I, instar-I case, cross-section of wall showing dense faecal matrix.

Figure 10. Neochlamisus bebbianae IV: Acer (maple) host form. A, instar-II case, ventral aspect. B, instar-II case, lateral aspect, orientation of faecal rows, scanning electron micrograph. C, Instar-III case, lateral aspect. D, instar-III case, base opening. E, instar-III case, ventral faecal wedge at base, scanning electron micrograph. F, instar-III case, internal surface, scanning electron micrograph. G, larval instar-IV, lateral aspect. H, Pupal case, lateral aspect.

Figure 11. Neochlamisus bimaculatus. A, adult habitus. B, case series from egg case (left) to pupal case (right). C–E, H–I, scanning electron micrographs. C, egg case, lateral aspect, broken medially. D, egg case, egg stalk. E, egg case, flange. F, instar-II case, lateral aspect. G–I, instar-IV case. G, ventral aspect. H, internal aspect with forewall removed. I, internal aspect, faecal layers of wall.

Figure 12. Neochlamisus chamaedaphnes. A, adult habitus. B, case series from egg case (left) to pupal case (right). C–G, scanning electron micrographs. C, egg case, lateral aspect. D, egg case surface with trichomes. E, instar-I case, lateral aspect. F, instar-I case, egg section showing faecal plates. G, instar-I case, larval section with faecal rows.

Figure 13. Neochlamisus chamaedaphnes. A, instar-II case, lateral aspect, with striations that vary in colour. B–D, G, scanning electron micrographs. B, instar-II case, lateral aspect. C, instar-II case, ventral suture split open. D, instar-IV case, lateral aspect. E, pupal case, ventral aspect. F, pupal case, lateral aspect. G, pupal case, boundary between egg case and larva-I sections.

Figure 15. Neochlamisus cribipennis. A, adult habitus. B, case series from egg case (left) to pupal case (right); instar-III and pupal cases are broken, exposing stage inside. C, egg case, scanning electron micrograph. D, egg case, lateral wall, scanning electron micrograph. E–G, instar-III case. E, lateral aspect. F, ventral aspect. G, base opening.

Figure 16. Neochlamisus cribipennis. A, larval instar III, live feeding on host plant leaf (photo by CGB). B, pupa attached to host leaf petiole (photo by CGB). C, instar-IV case, ventral suture split open. D, instar-IV case, wall cross-section showing trichome in faecal matrix, scanning electron micrograph.

Figure 17. Neochlamisus eubati. A, adult habitus. B, case series from egg case (left) to pupal case (right). C, egg case, lateral aspect. D, instar-I case. E, instar-I case, base opening. F, instar-II case, lateral aspect. G, ventral aspect, with suture. H, instar-III case, ventral aspect. I, instar-III case, dorsal aspect. J, instar-IV case, ventral aspect. K, instar-IV case, lateral aspect.

Figure 18. Neochlamisus platani. A, adult habitus, with prothorax distended as a result of preservation. B, case series from egg case (left) to pupal case (right). C–H, scanning electron micrographs. C, egg case, lateral aspect. D, egg stalk. E, egg case surface. F, instar-II case, showing external texture variation between maternal and larval sections. G, instar-I case, forewall removed, internal aspect. H, instar-I case, exterior trichome coat of larval section.

Figure 19. Neochlamisus platani. A, instar-II case, dorsal aspect. B, instar-III case, lateral aspect. C, instar-IV case, lateral aspect. D, larva, instar IV, lateral aspect. E–J, Scanning electron micrographs. E, instar-III case, forewall removed, internal aspect. F, instar-III case, forewall removed, internal surface with trichome. G, instar-IV case, external surface with stellate trichomes. H, instar-IV case, cross-section of wall showing trichome–faecal matrix. I, pupal case, crosssection of wall. J, Pupal case, cross-section near apex.

Figure. 14. Neochlamisus comptoniae. A, adult habitus. B, case series from egg case (left) to pupal case (right). C–E, egg case. C, lateral aspect. D, apex with egg stalk. E, roof. F, instar-I case, lateral view. G, instar-I case, ventrolateral view. H, larval instar-II case, opening. I, larval instar III. J, instar-III case, lateral view.