Macrostomum bicaudatum Wang, Sun & Zhang
publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.1.6 |
publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8D1CBEC7-FAC0-4CEF-BB26-D6C76CCDD166 |
DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6121564 |
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8719CD14-FFE7-FFB7-FF4D-F8BCFC04FE70 |
treatment provided by |
Plazi |
scientific name |
Macrostomum bicaudatum Wang, Sun & Zhang |
status |
sp. nov. |
Macrostomum bicaudatum Wang, Sun & Zhang View in CoL , n. sp.
( Figs.10–11 View FIGURE 10 View FIGURE 11 )
Material examined. Holotype (PLA-Ma00024): permanent slides of specimen stained by the H.E. method. Paratype (PLA-Ma00025~00027): permanent slides of specimen stained by the H.E. method. All specimens are deposited in IZCAS. A dozen of M. bicaudatum n. sp. were collected from dead leaves at the bottom of an artificial lake of Shenzhen University campus (22°31' 44"N, 113°55' 52"E) ( Fig.1 View FIGURE 1 ) in December 2006, at the water depth of about 80 cm. Lotuses, as well as other aquatic plants, fishes, snails, shrimp and zooplankton were originally transferred from a wetland of Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China when this artificial lake was constructed. This species was also found by the authors on July 20, 2014 at the root of a water hyacinth in a tributary of Dongjiang River, Huizhou, Guangdong Province (23°8' 59.74"N, 114°22' 26.27"E, altitude 14 m, water temperature 24°C, pH 7.65).
Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the shape of the tail end of this new species, which is of a fishtail shape.
Description. The body is flat. The length and width of its body is 1000.8 ± 210.8 µm (n = 4) and 259 ± 59.7 Μm (n = 4), respectively. Its head is bluntly round and the tail has 2 lappets arranged in a fishtail shape ( Figs. 10 View FIGURE 10 A and 11A). It has dense and short rod-like adhesive glands (ad) ( Figs. 10 View FIGURE 10 C and 11A).
M. bicaudatum n. sp. is hermaphroditic. The false vesicula seminalis (fvs), vesicula seminalis (vs) and vesicula granulorum (vg) are arranged in a lateral triangle shape ( Figs. 10 View FIGURE 10 A & B, 11A & B). The penis stylet (ps) bends from the right side to the left side planimetrically, and then bends to the male gonopore (mg) in an auricle-shape ( Figs. 10 View FIGURE 10 B, 11B–D). The curved-line (marked as ‘a’) and straight-line (marked as ‘b’) distances between the base and distal end of penis stylet (ps) are 160 ± 3.05 Μm (n = 3) and 70 ± 6.01 Μm (n = 3) ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 D). The diameters of basal and distal parts of penis stylet (ps) are 11 ± 0.35 Μm (n = 3) and 4 ± 0.6 Μm (n = 3), respectively. The upper margin of the distal part is longer than the lower margin, while the horseshoe-shape lower margin is thickened ( Figs. 10 View FIGURE 10 B, 11B–D). The features of the female reproductive system are identical to those of other species within the genus of Macrostomum .
Remarks. Macrostomum bicaudatum n. sp. is most similar to M. phocorum Marcus, 1954 in external morphology and M. semicirculatum Ax, 2008 in penis stylet morphology. However, M. phocorum is much bigger, with a length of 1,500 Μm and width of 300 Μm. It has a rounded head, and the tail is bifurcated with affiliated adhesive glands (ad) at the tip. Its penis stylet (ps) is matroos pipe-shaped. In contrast, the tail of M. bicaudatum n. sp. is bifurcated and its penis stylet is in auricle-shaped. Therefore, although similar in external features, the two species differ in body size as well as morphology of the penis stylet.
In M. semicirculatum Ax, 2008 View in CoL , the penis stylet (ps) is bent in a semicircular-shape. The diameters of basal and middle parts of penis stylet (ps) is 20 Μm and 3~4 Μm, respectively. The base of penis stylet (ps) is funnel-shaped. The tail of M. semicirculatum View in CoL is arc-shaped. In contrast, the penis stylet (ps) of M. bicaudatum View in CoL n. sp. is auricleshaped. As a whole, it is much slender than the penis stylet of M. semicirculatum View in CoL , and is slightly swollen at anterior 1/10 position of the base region. The tail has 2 significant fishtail-shape lappets. Therefore, it differs remarkably from M. semicirculatum View in CoL morphologically.
Discussion. The taxonomic study of Chinese turbellarians started relatively late. At the end of the 20th century, only 21 species of freshwater turbellarians were recorded ( Zhao et al. 2011). Since the 21st century, 30 more species of turbellarians have been described, including 18 species of Rhabdocoela (Wang 2004; Wang & Li 2005; Wang & Wu 2005a, 2005b; Wang & Deng 2006; Wang & Wu 2008; Zhang et al. 2010; Wang & Sun 2011; Lai et al. 2014; Lu et al. 2013; Xia et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2014), 3 species of Tricladida ( Yu et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2015a; Chen et al. 2015b), 2 species of Prolecithophora ( Gao et al. 2011; Ma et al. 2014), 1 species of Lecithoepitheliata ( Peng et al. 2007), 1 species of Acoela ( Sun & Wang 2014), and 6 species of Macrostomum (Wang et al. 2004, Wang & Luo 2004; Wang 2005; Zhao et al. 2011).
Macrostomum View in CoL inhabits a variety of habitats including clean to eutrophic, and freshwater and marine waters. In this contribution, all specimens of the three new species were collected in pollution-free freshwater environments. Among the Macrostomum View in CoL that have been described in China, M. intermedium ( Tu, 1934) View in CoL has been reported from a pond of Tsinghua University, Beijing only; M. tuba (Wang et al., 2004) View in CoL is widely distributed in Anhui, Guangdong and Fujian provinces; M. xiamensis (Wang & Luo 2004) View in CoL is distributed in Xiamen; M. sinensis View in CoL , M. acus View in CoL and M. obtusa (Wang 2005) View in CoL are distributed in Guangdong; M. saifunicum ( Zhao et al. 2011) View in CoL is widely distributed in Beijing, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi and Guangdong. The above 7 species of Macrostomum View in CoL were all collected from pollution-free habitats with highly diverse aquatic invertebrates. In terms of biogeographic distribution, M. intermedium View in CoL is distributed in the Palaearctic region; and M. saifunicum View in CoL and M. tuba View in CoL are distributed worldwide. The other 4 Macrostomum View in CoL species and the three new species in this study are all distributed in the freshwater areas of the Oriental region. Due to rapid population expansion and economic development, the local distribution of these Macrostomum View in CoL species is restricted to protected water zone and the brooks in remote areas, which suggests that they are susceptible to the widespread pollution of freshwater environment. The three new species reported in this study are all originated from southern China, a subtropical area with highly diverse plants and animals. Therefore, further investigation on the diversity of turbellarians is warranted in the future study.
IZCAS |
Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences |
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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Genus |
Macrostomum bicaudatum Wang, Sun & Zhang
Sun, Ting, Zhang, Lv, Wang, An-Tai & Zhang, Yu 2015 |
M. saifunicum (
Zhao et al. 2011 |
M. semicirculatum
Ax 2008 |
M. obtusa
Wang 2005 |
M. tuba
Wang et al. 2004 |
M. xiamensis
Wang & Luo 2004 |
M. intermedium (
Tu 1934 |