Palumbina grandiunca Lee & Li, 2018

Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei & Hirowatari, Toshiya, 2023, Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species, ZooKeys 1165, pp. 61-99 : 61

Palumbina grandiunca Lee & Li, 2018

Figs 1E, F , 6C , 7C , 8C , 9C , 12 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 21 Japanese name: Hazenoki-ginhoso-kibaga

Palumbina grandiunca Lee & Li, 2018: Lee et al. 2018: 15, fig. 68. TL: Hainan, China. TD: NKU.

Palumbina sp. 1: Oku et al. 2018: 58, fig. 46.

Material examined.

Japan - Honshu [Hyogo] • 1♂; Inaba ( Hidaka-tyo ); 11 Jun. 1994; T. Saito leg.; gen. slide no. KM-305; OPU. - Ryukyus [Kagoshima] • 1♀; Amamioshima Is., Uken-son , Yuwandake ; 21 Jul. 2003; T. Saito leg.; OPU. • 1♂; same locality; 19 Jun. 2014; S. Sameshima leg.; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 7 May 2015; gen. slide no.KM-304; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 18 May 2015; gen. slide no.KM-306; KGU. • 1♂; Amamioshima Is., Uken-son , Akatuti-yama ; 18 Aug. 2012; S. Sameshima leg.; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 8 Sep. 2012; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 18 Aug. 2012; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 21 May 2013; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 12 Jun. 2013; gen. slide no. KM-303; KGU. • 2♂♂; same data except 25 May 2015; gen. slide no. KM-308; KGU. • 1♀; same data except 26 May 2015; gen. slide no. KM-310; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 27 May 2015; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 1 Jun. 2015; KGU. • 2♀♀; Amamioshima Is., Sumiyo-son , Kamiya ; 23 May 2015; S. Sameshima leg.; KGU. • 1♂; Amamioshima Is., Buren ; 14 Sep. 2014; S. Sameshima leg.; gen. slide no. KM-302; KGU. • 1♂; Amamioshima Is., Setouti-to-cho, Mt Yui-dake ; 30 Sep. 2014; S. Sameshima leg.; gen. slide no. KM-307; KGU. • 1♂; Tokunoshima Is. San, Tokunoshima ; 12 Jul. 2016, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. [Okinawa] • 1♂; Okinawajima Is., Benoki , Kunigami-son , Mt. Nishime 340m; 3 Aug. 2015, LT; S. Yagi leg., genitalia slide no. SY1454; ELKU. • 1♂; Okinawajima Is., Sate, Kunigami-son, Mt. Terukubi 300m; 28 May 2015, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1♂; same data except 17 Mar. 2017; gen. slide no. KM-309; ELKU. • 1♀; Okinawajima Is., Yona, Kunigami-son; 6 May 2000; T. Saito leg.; gen. slide no. KM-312; OPU. • 1♂; Okinawajima Is., Hentona, Kunigami-son; 15 Mar. 2017, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1♀, Okinawajima Is., Hizi, Kunigami-son; 3 Aug. 2002; T. Saito leg., gen. slide no. KM-311; OPU. • 1♂; Ishigakijima Is., Takeda-rindo; 5 Jul. 2017; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1♀; Iriomotejima Is., Aira River ; 26 Jun. 2019 larva; 22 Jul. 2019 em.; Host: Toxicodendron succedaneum ; K.M.M. Kyaw leg.; gen. slide no. SY1453; ELKU. • 2♂♂, 1♀; Iriomotejima Is., Sonai Forestry Park; 27 Jun. 2019 larva; 16-17 Jul. 2019 em.; Host: Toxicodendron succedaneum ; K.M.M. Kyaw leg.; ELKU. • 1♂; Iriomotejima Is., Shirahama; 8 May 2012, LT; T. Hirowatari, S. Kobayashi, K. Nakatsuka, T. Yoshida leg.; OPU .

For the diagnosis and detailed description of the adults and genitalia, see Lee et al. (2018).

Description.

Larva (Figs 12I , 16 , 17 ). Length ~ 3.0 mm (n = 6), slender. Head subglobular; yellowish brown, with blackish pigmentations on ocellar area and on anterior margin of labrum. Body pale yellow in early instars and yellowish brown in late instars. Prothoracic shield yellowish brown, with blackish brown on caudal margin. Thoracic legs short, pale yellowish brown. Pinaculum more or less rounded, blackish brown on T1-T3, A1, A2, A8, and A9; paler on remaining abdominal segments. Anal shield heavily sclerotized, yellowish brown (Figs 16D , 17D ). Anal fork present, deeply emarginated, forming two lateral lobes (Figs 16E , 17D ). Anal prolegs armed with many minute spines on dorsal surface (Fig. 17C ). Crochets uni-ordinal, 13-17 in number on ventral prolegs (Fig. 17B ), 9-11 on anal prolegs (Fig. 17C ).

Chaetotaxy (Fig. 16 ). Head (Fig. 16A, B ): epicranial suture shorter than fontoclypeus; AF1 ~ ½ length of AF2; C2 slightly longer than C1; P1 dorsolateral to AF1, ~ 5 × longer than P2; P2 dorsolateral to AF2 and above P1; MD1-MD3 setae forming nearly in a line at the posterior margin of head capsule, MD1 slightly anteroventral to MD2 and MD3; mouthparts semi-hypognathous; genal area with six stemmata, forming a semicircular pattern; A1 dorso-anterior to stemma-3, slightly shorter than A3; A2 dorsolateral to A1 and shorter than A1 and A3; L1 dorsoposterior to stemma-1; distance between L1 from A3 slightly longer than distance between A3 from A2; S1 below stemma-3 and short as A2; S2 longer than S1 and S3, near the opening of the stemmatal semicircle; S3 slightly shorter than S1 and ventroposterior to stemma-6; SS1 near mandibular condyle, same length as SS2; SS2 between SS1 and SS3; SS3 ~ 3 × longer than SS1 and SS2; MGa present, close to MG1. Mandible with five teeth (Fig. 16C ).

Thorax (Fig. 16F ): Prothorax: Shield with SD1 ventrolateral to XD1 and XD2, all three along anterior margin; XD2 equal distance from XD1 and SD1; XD1 ~ 2 × longer than XD2; SD2 and D1 ca. equal in length, both setae less than ~ 2½-3× length of SD1 and D2; SD2 less than 1½ distance from XD2 than from SD1; L-group tri-setose on the same pinaculum, anteroventral to spiracle; L1 longest; L2 and L3 short, ca. equal in length; SV-group bi-setose on the same pinaculum; SV1 ~ 2- 2½ × longer than SV2; MV1 absent; MV2 approximate to anterolateral coxal margin; V1 near to mesoposterior coxal margin. Mesothorax and metathorax (Fig. 16F ): D1 and D2 on the same pinaculum; SD1 and SD2 on the same pinaculum; all arranged in a vertical line; D2 ~ 3½ -4 length of D1; SD1 ~ 3½-4× length of SD2; MD1 anteroventral to D2; MSD1 in a line with MSD2, anterior to SD2; MSD2 anterodorsal to SD1; L-group tri-setose; L1 and L2 on the same pinaculum, L1 ~ 2½-3× length of L2, slightly anterior to D- and SD-group pinaculum; L3 slightly longer than L2, in a vertical line with SV1; MV1, MV2, and MV3 anterior to coxa; MV2 approximate to anterolateral coxal margin, MV3 slightly above V1.

Abdomen (Fig. 16F ). A1 and A2 (not indicated) with D1 dorso-anterior to D2; D2 ~ 3½-4× longer than D1; MD1 slightly ventral to D1 and D2; SD1 above spiracle, ca. equal in length with D2; SD2 minute, anteroventral to SD1 and on different pinaculum; SD2 minute, anteroventral to SD1; L-group tri-setose; L1 and L2 on same pinaculum below spiracle, ventroposterior to SD group; L1 ~ 3½-4× longer than L2 and L3; L3 slightly longer than L2; SV-group on same pinaculum, bi-setose on A1 and tri-setose pinaculum on A2; SV1 ~ 2½-3× longer than SV2 on A1; MV3 dorso-anterior to V1. A3-A6 as in A2, except D2 dorsoposterior to D1; each segment bearing a pair of protuberant prolegs; planta bearing uni-ordinal, uniserial crochets in a circle (Fig. 17B ). A7 as in A2 or A6 except with SV-group bi-setose and V1 ventral to SV pinaculum. A8 as A7 except SD1 in vertical line with D2; minute SD2 anteroventral and below spiracle; SD1 pinaculum slightly anterior to spiracle; spiracle dorsal to all spiracles on A1-A7; L1 ~ 3½-4× length of L2 and below spiracle; L2 and L3 on separate pinaculum; L2 anteroventral to L1 and in vertical line with D2 and SD1; L3 ventral to L2 and in vertical line with L2; SV and V group uni-setose. A9 as above except with D1 ventral to D2 and on same pinaculum; D2 ~ 2 × longer than D1; MD1 slightly anteroventral to D2; hair-like SD1 present; L-group bi-setose on same pinaculum, L1 ~ 3½-4× longer than L2.

Pupa (Figs 20 , 21 ). Female. Length 3.9-4.2 mm (n = 3). Cylindrical, color yellowishbrown; dark brown before emergence. Head semi-globular. Vertex with many minute spines. Prothorax with a pair of triangular projections on dorsolateral corners of tergite (Fig. 21A ). Antennae reaching near the posterior margin of A5. Forewing reaching near the anterior margin of A6. Maxilla (galea) basally broad, gradually narrowing and extending to A4. Prothoracic legs extending to A2; mesothoracic legs reaching A4; metathoracic legs extending to the posterior margin of A7. A5-A10 movable. A5 and A6 with a transverse row of dot-like spinules on the anterior margin (Fig. 20C ). A7 with a transverse row of tergal spinules directed posteriorly at the anterior margin (Fig. 20A ). Sternite A7 with a pair of oval pads armed with a row of spinules directed anteriorly (Fig. 20B ). A10 delineated with a row of short spinules at the outer margin posteriorly (Fig. 20A ), apically with three pairs of hooked setae on ventral surfaces of A9 and A10, without true cremaster.

Distribution.

Japan (Honshu, Ryukyus) and China.

Host plant.

Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntze ( Anacardiaceae ) (Fig. 12A ).

Biology.

(Fig. 12A-L ). First, the larva mines the petiole of its host plant and later makes a portable leaf case after leaving its mine. At the early instar stage, the larva first made a small hole to enter the petiole (Fig. 12B-D ). After that, it started to mine, and larval feces were deposited inside the mine (Fig. 12E ). After the larva gradually grows and develops into the late instar, it leaves from its mine (Fig. 12D ) and then cuts the leaf into small irregularly shaped pieces (Fig. 12F ). Later, many small leaf pieces were aggregated and stacked into a compact and circular leaf case. The larvae live and feed inside the case and can move from one place to another by carrying it (Fig. 12G, H ); pupation also occurs inside it (Fig. 12J ). The adult emerges by leaving the pupal exuvia inside the case (Fig. 12K ). The resting posture of the adult was similar to that of the stathmopodid species, keeping its hindlegs upwards (Fig. 9C ).

Remarks.

This species has already been recorded as Palumbina sp. 1 ( Oku et al. 2018) on Amamioshima Island in Japan.

Figures

Figure 1. Adults of Palumbina spp. A P. pylartis, male B ditto, female C P. acerosa, male D ditto, female E P. grandiunca, male F ditto, female. Scale bars: 4.0 mm.

Figure 6. Male genitalia of Palumbina spp. A P. pylartis, genitalia slide no. KM- 383 B P. acerosa, genitalia slide no. KM- 320 C P. grandiunca, genitalia slide no. SY 1454 D P. operaria, genitalia slide no. KM- 389 E P. macrodelta, genitalia slide no. SY 1455 F P. muraseae sp. nov., holotype, genitalia slide no. KM- 374. Scale bars: 0.40 mm.

Figure 7. Abdominal segments of Palumbina spp. A P. pylartis, slide no. KM- 383 B P. acerosa, slide no. KM- 320 C P. grandiunca, slide no. SY 1454 D P. operaria, slide no. KM- 389 E P. macrodelta, slide no. SY 1455 F P. muraseae sp. nov., holotype, slide no. KM- 374. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Figure 8. Female genitalia of Palumbina spp. A P. pylartis, genitalia slide no. KM- 330 B P. acerosa, genitalia slide no. KM- 381 C P. grandiunca, genitalia slide no. SY 1453 D P. operaria, genitalia slide no. Palumbina No. 1 E P. macrodelta, genitalia slide no. KM- 328 F P. muraseae sp. nov., whole genitalia, genitalia slide no. KM- 348 and signum, genitalia slide no. KM- 427. Scale bars: 0.50 mm.

Figure 9. Resting position of adult Palumbina spp. A P. pylartis, female B P. acerosa, female C P. grandiunca, female D P. muraseae sp. nov., male.

Figure 12. Palumbina grandiunca and its host plant. A host plant: Toxicodendron succedaneum (Anacardiaceae) B infected young petiole C initial small hole on young petiole D small holes after the larva leave from the petiole E larva feces inside the infected petiole F leaf cut by larva G larval case attached to leaf surface H leaf cases I larva inside its leaf case J young pupa K pupa L pupal exuvia left by an emerged adult.

Figure 16. Chaetotaxy of P. grandiunca. A head, frontal view B ditto, lateral view C mandible D anal plate E anal fork F the prothorax, mesothorax and abdominal segments 1, 6 - 9. Scale bars: 0.10 mm (A, B, F); 0.20 mm (C, D, E).

Figure 17. Larva of P. grandiunca. A thoracic leg B crochets C anal proleg D anal shield. Scale bars: 0.40 mm (A, C, D); 0.20 mm (B).

Figure 20. Female pupa of P. grandiunca. A dorsal view B ventral view C lateral view. A Arrow on A 7 indicates a transverse row of tergal spinules anteriorly, and the arrow on A 10 indicates short spinules. B the arrow on A 7 indicates an oval pad with a row of spinules. C the arrow on the vertex indicates many minute spines, and arrows on A 5 and A 6 indicate a transverse row of dot-like spinules. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Figure 21. Female pupa of P. grandiunca. A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view.