Haplogonatopus R. Perkins, 1905

Xu, Zaifu, Olmi, Massimo & He, Junhua, 2013, Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), Zootaxa 3614 (1), pp. 1-460 : 346

17. Genus Haplogonatopus R. Perkins, 1905

Haplogonatopus R. Perkins 1905: 39 ; Chandra 1980c: 192; Olmi 1984: 1408; Olmi 1993b: 78, 79; Olmi 1994: 65; Olmi 1995g: 5; Olmi 1999a: 227; He & Xu 2002: 307; Virla & Olmi 2008: 371; Mita et al., 2012: 50.

Monogonatopus Richards 1939: 200 (synonymized by Olmi & Currado 1979b); type species: Monogonatopus oratorius ( Westwood 1833) , by monotypy.

Congodryinus Benoit 1950: 223 (synonymized by Olmi 1984); type species: Congodryinus katangae Benoit 1950 , by original designation.

Type species. Haplogonatopus apicalis R. Perkins, 1905 , by original designation.

Diagnosis. Female: apterous ( Plates 103A , 105A ); palpal formula 2/1; antenna with rhinaria; pronotum not crossed by strong transverse furrow or weakly impressed ( Plate 105A ); enlarged claw with one large subapical tooth and one row of lamellae ( Plates 103B , 104D ); tibial spurs 1/0/1. Male: fully winged ( Plates 104A , 105B ); occipital carina usually absent, occasionally incomplete, then only present behind and shortly on sides of posterior ocelli; occiput concave; temple present; palpal formula 2/1; tibial spurs 1/1/2.

Distribution. Worldwide.

Hosts. Delphacidae ( Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997, 2006, 2007).

World species. Seven species are known, two in the Oriental region.

Remarks. Larvae of Haplogonatopus were described by Hernandez & Bellotti (1984).

Key to the species

Females

The females of H. apicalis and H. oratorius are not always easily separable based of the present knowledge, mainly when the metasoma is brown.

1. Metasoma black, occasionally brown.................................................. H. oratorius (Westwood)

- Metasoma testaceous, or reddish, occasionally partly brown; occasionally metasoma totally brown... H. apicalis R. Perkins

Males

1. Dorsal process of paramere broader ( Plate 104B )........................................... H. apicalis R. Perkins

- Dorsal process of paramere slender ( Plate 104C )......................................... H. oratorius (Westwood)

Remarks. The females of Haplogonatopus apicalis and oratorius are separable with a lot of difficulties on the basis of morphologic characters; the males can be recognized more easily because of the different dorsal processes of the parameres. Apparently in Japan there is a biological difference: according to Esaki & Hashimoto (1935), Kitamura (1987a) and Mita et al. (2012), in Japan H. apicalis (= H. japonicus Esaki & Hashimoto, 1931 ) parasitizes mainly Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) , whereas H. oratorius (= H. atratus Esaki & Hashimoto, 1931 ) attacks mainly Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) . According to Mita et al. (2012), S. furcifera does not overwinters in Japan; every spring it migrates from Korea and China to Japan, where it is parasitized mainly by H. apicalis . According to Mita et al. (2012), the 99.8% of the planthoppers parasitized by H. apicalis are belonging to S. furcifera ; very rarely H. apicalis can parasitize other planthoppers. On the contrary, according to Mita et al. (2012), H. oratorius parasitizes many species of Delphacidae , but rarely S. furcifera . Maybe H. apicalis and H. oratorius are sister species well separated from a biological point of view.

Figures

PLATE 103. Haplogonatopus apicalis. A. Female from China, Guangdong. Length 2.5 mm. B. Chela of female from Sri Lanka (from Olmi 1984). Scale bar 0.16 mm for B.

PLATE 104. A. Dorsal view. B, C. Male genitalia. D. Chela. A. Haplogonatopus apicalis, Male. Length 2.0 mm. B. H. apicalis from Sri Lanka (from Olmi 1984). C. H. oratorius (=H. atratus) from Japan (from Olmi 1984). D. H. oratorius from Italy (from Olmi 1984). Scale bar 0.09 mm for B, 0.13 mm for C and 0.18 mm for D.

PLATE 105. A. Haplogonatopus oratorius, female from Italy, lateral view. Length 2.5 mm. B. H. oratorius, male from Italy, lateral view. Length 2.3 mm. (From Olmi 1984).