Echthrodelphax fairchildii R. Perkins, 1903

Xu, Zaifu, Olmi, Massimo & He, Junhua, 2013, Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), Zootaxa 3614 (1), pp. 1-460 : 341-343

1. Echthrodelphax fairchildii R. Perkins, 1903

( Plates 100A–C , 101A, B , 102A )

Echthrodelphax fairchildii R. Perkins 1903: 37 ; Kieffer 1914b: 17; Chandra 1978a: 21; Chiu 1979: 339; Chandra 1978b: 6; Chandra 1980a: 128; Chandra 1980b: 167; Olmi, 1984: 1161; Peña & Shepard 1986: 263; Olmi 1990b: 790; Guglielmino & Olmi 1997: 180–251; Olmi 2000a: 109; Barrion 2002: 71; He & Xu 2002: 302; Guglielmino & Olmi 2006: 51; Xu et al. 2012a: 12 .

Echthrodelphax bicolor Esaki & Hashimoto 1931: 29 (synonymized by Olmi 1984); type locality: Oita (Kyushu, Japan); Esaki & Hashimoto 1933: 19; Esaki & Hashimoto 1935: 18; Esaki & Hashimoto 1936: 18; Esaki & Sameshima 1939: 42; Esaki & Sameshima 1940: 27; Chiu 1979: 339.

nec Echthrodelphax fairchildii R. Perkins : Nagy 1967b: 332.

Description of Female. Fully winged ( Plate 100A ); length 2.2–2.9 mm. Head testaceous, usually with brown transverse band on vertex; antenna and prothorax testaceous; rest of mesosoma black, except distal apex of propodeum yellow; metasoma testaceous, except tergites 1, 2 and 4 partly brown; legs testaceous. Antenna clavate; antennal segments in following proportions: 13:9:17:10:9:8:8:8:9:14. Head ( Plate 100A, B ) shiny, smooth, unsculptured; ocellar triangle strongly isosceles, usually without median longitudinal keel (in specimen from Thailand, Maerim, median longitudinal keel present and incomplete); frontal line complete; occipital carina incomplete, only present behind and shortly on sides of posterior ocelli; OL much longer than POL. Palpal formula 3/2 or 4/2. Pronotum shiny, crossed by strong transverse impression; posterior edges of pronotum rounded, not produced into lobes. Scutum and scutellum shiny, smooth, finely punctate, unsculptured among punctures. Notauli complete, posteriorly separated, but very close. Metanotum very reduced and short. Propodeum reticulate rugose, sculptured by transverse keels; posterior surface without longitudinal keels. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands or spots. Protrochanter about four times as long as broad. Protarsal segment 1 about as long as segment 4. Enlarged claw ( Plate 100C ) with one subapical tooth and one row of four–five lamellae. Segment 5 of protarsus ( Plate 100C ) with one row of 9–12 lamellae; distal apex with 6–11 lamellae. Tibial spurs 1/0/1.

Description of Male. Fully winged ( Plate 101A, B ); length 1.2–1.9 mm. Head brown or black, except mandible yellow; antenna brown; mesosoma black; metasoma brown; legs yellow. Occasionally body totally reddish. Antenna filiform; antennal segments in following proportions: 5:5:9:10:10:9:10:9:9:11; antennal segment 3 four or more than four times as long as broad. Head shiny, smooth, unsculptured, little hairy; frontal line present only between antennal toruli; occipital carina complete; temple very prominent, about as long as eyes; POL = 5; OL = 3; OOL = 3; greatest breadth of posterior ocelli shorter than OL (1:3); ocellar triangle without median longitudinal keel. Palpal formula 4/2. Scutum shiny, smooth, with anterior half granulated and posterior half unsculptured. Notauli complete, posteriorly joint. Scutellum shiny, smooth, unsculptured. Metanotum shiny, very reduced and short. Propodeum reticulate rugose; posterior surface without longitudinal keels. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands. Paramere ( Plate 102A ) with short inner transverse proximal dorsal process. Tibial spurs 1/1/2.

Material examined. Types: ♀ lectotype (designated by Olmi, 1982) of E. fairchildii : USA: Hawaii, Oahu Island , Ewa Plantation ( BPBM); ♀ holotype of E. bicolor : JAPAN: Kyushu, Oita Pref., Oita, VI–VII.1929, S. Shinkai leg. ( ELKU). Paratypes of E. bicolor : same locality label as holotype, ♂ allotype ( ELKU). Other material. BANGLADESH: Burirhat ( RNHL). CHINA: Fukien (= Fujian), Kutien (= Gutien ) City , 3.VIII.1940, T.C. Maa leg., 1♀ ( TARI); Fujian, Yongchun, 8.IX.1985, Xijin Chen leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Guangdong, Yangjiang, VI.1997, Renhuan Hou leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Guangdong, Guangzhou, Tianluhu , 6.X.2007, Zaifu Xu leg., 1♀ ( SCAU); Guangdong, Nanling National Nature Reserve, Arboretum , 10–12.IX.2011, YPT, Zaifu Xu leg., 1♀ ( SCAU); Guangdong, Xinfeng, Yunjishan Nature Reserve , 19.VII.2003, Mei Luo mleg., 1♀ ( SCAU); Shaanxi, Ningshan County, 7–8.V.2011, Huayan Chen leg., 1♀ ( SCAU); Zhejiang, Wenzhou, VII.1964, Junhua He leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 5.VIII.1979, Junhua He leg., 8♀♀ and 1♂ ( ZJUC); Zhejiang, Dongyang, VI.1977, ex Laodelphax striatellus ( Fallén) , Weilie Chen leg., 2♀♀ and 1♂ ( ZJUC); Zhejiang, Yiwu, VIII.1977, Zuosheng Chen leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Zhejiang, Yiwu, 1–3.VIII.1986, Xiaoming Lou leg., 1♀ and 1♂ ( ZJUC); Zhejiang, Mt. Gutianshan, 22.VII.1986, Xiaoming Lou leg., 2♀♀ ( ZJUC); Jiangxi, Nanchang, 1978, Zhengxiang Ye leg., 1♂ ( ZJUC); Guangxi, Qinzhou, IX.1983, Shaolong Yang leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Guangxi, Yulin, VIII.1983, Shaolong Yang leg., 1♂ ( ZJUC); Hubei, Wuhan, 1996, Feng Yuan leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Taiwan, Changhua, Erh-lin ( TARI); Taiwan, Chiayi ( TARI); Taiwan, Hsinchu, Chutung ( TARI); Taiwan, Nantou, Sungkang , 2100 m ( TARI); Taiwan, Nantou, Lienhuachih , 650 m ( TARI); Taiwan, Nantou, Tungpu , 1200 m ( TARI); Taiwan, Nantou, Meifeng , 2150 m ( TARI); Taiwan, Pingtung ( TARI); Taiwan, Pingtung, Shantimen ( TARI); Taiwan, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill ( TARI); Taiwan, Taichung, Wu-feng ( AEIC); Taiwan, Tainan, Kwantzeling ( BPBM); Taiwan, Taipei ( TARI); Taiwan, Taipei, Kungkuan ( TARI); Taiwan, Taipei, Shanhsia ( TARI); Taiwan, Taitung, Hwalien-Tungho, Fuli ( TARI); Taiwan, Taitung, Chipenh ( TARI); Taiwan, Taoyuan, Chungli ( TARI); Taiwan, Gakko ( ELKU); Taiwan, Kijin ( AMNH); Zhejiang ( ZJUC). INDIA: Karnataka, Holalu, Regional Research Station Mandya , VI.1976, ex nymph of Nilaparvata lugens on paddy, 2♀♀ ( BMNH); Chhattisgarh, Raipur ( AMNH, GCC); Orissa, Cuttack, 1981, ex Nilaparvata lugens , 1♀ (in BM). INDONESIA: Bali, Legian , XI.1978 ( CNC); Java, Pekalongan ( BPBM, MCZ). MALAYSIA: Malaya, Pahang, Pulau Tioman, Kampong Tekek ( BPBM); Malaya, Seberang Perai ( MARDI); Malaya, Pahang, Cherating, 10 m, 27.II–2.III.1990 ( CNC); Sarawak, Long Lama ( PMA). PHILIPPINES: Calabarzon, Laguna Prov., Los Baños , ( BCUCB, BMNH); Calabarzon, Laguna Prov., 4 Km E Los Baños , 14°10'N 121°15'E, 5.XI.1977, ex Sogatella furcifera, Girish Chandra leg., 1♂ ( BMNH); same locality label, further specimens ( GCC, AMNH); Calabarzon, Batangas Prov., 6 Km W Tanauan , Janopol , 14°10'N 121°15'E, ( BMNH); Western Visayas, Panay Island, Iloilo Prov., 5 Km NW Tigbauan , Bo. Cordoba , 10°05'N 121°06'E, 22.VIII.1977, ex Sogatella furcifera, A.T. Barrion leg., 1♀ ( BMNH); same locality label, 1♀ ( AMNH). THAILAND: Chiang Mai Prov., 18°69.02'N 98°80.09'E, 240 m, 10–20.III.1997, Malaise trap ( NHMLA); Chiang Mai Prov., Maerim, Malaise trap, R.A. Beaver leg., 27–28.IX.1998, 1♀ ( RABC); same locality label, 6–7.I.2000, 1♀ ( RABC). VIET NAM: Ha Tinh Prov., Huong Son, 18°22'N 105°13'E, 220 m, 13–19.IV.1998, Malaise trap, L. Herman leg., 1♀ ( CNC). Palaearctic: CHINA: Liaoning, Fuxin, 26.VIII.1994, Juxian Lou leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); JAPAN: Honshu, Ibaraki Pref., Tsukuba, Tsukuba Exposition Site ( CNC); Shikoku, Kochi Pref., Kami-gun ( AMNH, ELKN); Kochi Pref., Nangoku ( ELKN). The record from Romania of Nagy (1967b) is wrong. Australian region: USA: Hawaii, Oahu Island, Ewa Plantation , 1♀ ( AMNH); Hawaii, Oahu Island ( DEUCR); Hawaii, Oahu Island , Kahuku ( BPBM); Hawaii, Oahu Island , Honolulu , R.W. Terry leg., 1905–124, 8♀♀ and 4♂ ( BMNH); Hawaii, Kauai Island (R. Perkins, 1905). E. fairchildii was established also in the other Hawaiian islands for biological control of Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy (R. Perkins, 1905) .

Hosts. Delphacidae ( Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997) : in USA (Hawaii): Aloha ipomeae Kirkaldy (R. Perkins, 1906b; Olmi, 1984); Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy (R. Perkins, 1906b; Muir, 1921; Olmi, 1984); in India: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) ( Manjunath et al., 1978; Chiu, 1979); in Japan: Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) ( Thompson, 1955; Olmi, 1984; Kitamura, 1987a, 1987b; He & Xu, 2002); Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) ( Thompson, 1955; Manjunath et al., 1978; Chiu, 1979; Kitamura, 1987a, 1987b); Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) ( Esaki & Hashimoto, 1933; Olmi, 1984; Kitamura, 1987a); in Malaysia: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) ( Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997) ; Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) ( Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997) ; in the Philippines: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) ( Chandra, 1978a, 1978b, 1980a, 1980b; Olmi, 1984; Barrion et al., 1981; Peña & Shepard, 1986); Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) ( Chandra, 1978a, 1978b, 1980; Olmi, 1984; Peña & Shepard, 1986); in China (Taiwan): Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) ( Chu & Hirashima, 1981; Olmi, 1984); Saccharosydne procerus (Matsumura) ( Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997) ; Tarophagus proserpina (Kirkaldy) ( Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997) . The records of Nephotettix sp. by Chandra (1978a, 1978b, 1980a, 1980b) and He & Xu (2002) are wrong, because E. fairchildii does not parasitize Cicadellidae ( Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997, 2006).

Biology. The biology of E. fairchildii was studied in Japan by Yamada & Imai (2000) and Yamada & Ikawa (2003, 2005).

Natural enemies. In USA (Hawaii), E. fairchildii can be parasitized by Cheiloneurus hawaiiensis (R. Perkins, 1912) (Encyrtidae) ( Timberlake, 1922; Guerrieri & Viggiani, 2005), Centrodora xiphidii (R. Perkins) (Aphelinidae) ( Muir, 1921; Olmi, 2000a) and Ceraphron abnormis R. Perkins (Ceraphronidae) ( Olmi, 2000a).

Distribution. China (Fujian, Guangdong, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Taiwan, Liaoning), USA (Hawaii), Japan (Kyushu, Honshu, Shikoku), Bangladesh (Burirhat), India (Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Orissa), Indonesia (Bali, Java), Malaysia (Malaya, Sarawak), Philippines (Calabarzon), Thailand (Chiang Mai), Viet Nam (Ha Tinh).

Figures

PLATE 100. Echthrodelphax fairchildii. A, B. Female in dorsal view (A) and lateral view (B). Length 2.5 mm. C. Chela of female from Japan. Scale bar 0.16 mm for C. (From Olmi 1984)

PLATE 101. Echthrodelphax fairchildii, males from Hawaii, Oahu, Ewa (from Olmi 1984). Length 1.8 mm. A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view.

PLATE 102. A, B, E, F. Male genitalia. C, D. Chelae. A. Echthrodelphax fairchildii from Hawaii (from Olmi 1984). B, C. E. laotianus from Thailand (from Olmi 1998e). C. E. laotianus, holotype (from Olmi 1984). D. E. rufus, paratype (arolium removed) (from Olmi 1984). E, F. E. rufus from China, paramere in ventral side (E) and dorsal view (F) (from Olmi 1995a). Scale bar 0.13 mm for A, 0.08 mm for B, 0.14 mm for C, 0.11 mm for D, E and F.