Gonatopus nigricans (R. Perkins, 1905 )

Xu, Zaifu, Olmi, Massimo & He, Junhua, 2013, Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), Zootaxa 3614 (1), pp. 1-460 : 370-374

7. Gonatopus nigricans (R. Perkins, 1905)

( Plates 111B , 114A – D )

Paragonatopus nigricans R. Perkins 1905: 41 ; Kieffer 1914b: 87; Olmi 1979: 218.

Pseudogonatopus melanacrias R. Perkins 1906a: 487 (synonymized by R. Perkins 1912); type locality: Suva ( Viti Levu Island,

Fiji Islands).

Gonatopus fulgori Nakagawa 1906: 163 ; type locality: Japan; Guglielmino & Olmi 1997: 181, 184; syn. nov.

Pseudogonatopus hospes R. Perkins 1912: 13 (synonymized by He & Xu 2002); type locality: China; Kieffer 1914b: 81; Swezey 1928: 670; F. Williams 1931: 247; Chiu 1979: 339; Móczár 1979: 77; Olmi 1984: 1290; Olmi 2000a: 101, 111.

Gonatopus sauteri Strand 1913: 209 (synonymized by Olmi 1984); type locality: Tainan ( Taiwan, China).

Dicondylus sauteri (Strand) : Kieffer 1914b: 77.

Pseudogonatopus sogatea Rohwer 1920: 160 (printing-error; holotype labelled sogatae); type locality: Pusa (Bihar, India); Kurian 1954b: 417; Olmi 1984: 1254; syn. nov.

Haplogonatopus fulgori (Nakagawa) : Esaki & Hashimoto 1930: 21.

Pseudozonatopus (sic) hospes R. Perkins : Pagden 1934: 2.

Paragonatopus fulgori (Nakagawa) : Mochizuki 1943: 99; Chen 1988: 44.

nec Pseudogonatopus nr. hospes R. Perkins : Chandra 1978b: 5.

Pseudogonatopus fulgori (Nakagawa) : Olmi 1984: 1194.

Pseudogonatopus pusanus Olmi 1984: 1255 ; type locality: Pusa (Bihar, India); He & Xu 2002: 355; syn. nov.

Pseudogonatopus nigricans (R. Perkins) : Olmi 1984: 1287; Olmi 1990b: 789; Olmi 1991: 319.

Gonatopus nigricans (R. Perkins) : Guglielmino & Olmi 1997: 165, 224–226, 250–252; Olmi 1999b: 28; Olmi 2000a: 94; He & Xu 2002: 364; Guglielmino & Olmi 2006: 49.

Gonatopus sogatae Rohwer : Guglielmino & Olmi 1997: 225, 226; He & Xu 2002: 355.

Gonatopus insulanus He & Xu in He et al. 1998: 172; type locality: Qionghai (Hainan, China); syn. nov.

Description of female ( Plate 114A ): apterous; length 2.4–4.4 mm. Head brown-reddish, or brown, or black, except mandible, clypeus and anterior region of face yellow; antenna brown, except segments 1–2 or 1–3 yellow; mesosoma black or brown; occasionally posterior margin of pronotum and posterior apex of propodeum testaceous; metasoma black or brown; legs yellow; occasionally clubs of femora and part of coxae brown. In G. pusanus the colour is different: head partly or almost totally brown; antenna brown, except segments 1–2 testaceous; mesosoma testaceous-reddish, except sides of scutum darkened; occasionally part of pronotum darkened; metasoma brown; petiole black; legs testaceous; occasionally club of profemur darkened. In G. sogatae the colour is the following: head brown, except mandible and clypeus yellow; antenna brown, except segment 1 yellow and 2–3 brown-testaceous; mesosoma brown, except scutum reddish and distal apex of propodeum yellow; petiole black; metasoma brown-dark; legs brown-yellow. Intermediate colours are known. Antenna clavate; antennal segments in following proportions: 19:19:52:25:22:22:18:17:15:26. Head ( Plate 114B ) excavated, shiny, granulated or unsculptured; occiput and anterior region of face always granulated; POL = 5; OL = 5; OOL = 14. Palpal formula 2/2, 3/2, 4/2. Pronotum granulated, crossed by strong transverse impression. Scutum granulated, without lateral pointed apophyses. Mesopleura transversely striate. Metanotum flat, very long, about as long as scutum, transversely striate, not hollow behind scutellum ( Plate 114C ), with sides rounded ( Plate 114A ). Metathorax + propodeum shiny, indistinctly sculptured, with or without track of median longitudinal furrow, with posterior surface transversely striate. Metapleuron transversely striate. Meso-metapleural suture obsolete. Protarsal segment 4 shorter than segment 1 (40:47; or 20:27). Enlarged claw ( Plate 114D ) with one large subapical tooth and one row of three–nine lamellae. Segment 5 of protarsus ( Plate 114D ) with two rows of 9–25 lamellae; distal apex with 4–10 lamellae; occasionally lamellae extended continuously to distal apex. Tibial spurs 1/0/1.

Description of Male. Fully winged; length 1.9–2.4 mm. Head brown or black (occasionally brown-reddish), except mandible testaceous; occasionally part of face testaceous; antenna brown (in type of G. insulanus , testaceous-dark); mesosoma and metasoma black or brown (in type of G. insulanus , mesosoma reddish-dark, with propodeum and pleura darker); legs yellow. Antenna filiform; antennal segments in following proportions: 5:5:9:8:8:9:7:8:7:10 (in other specimens 6:5.5:10:9:8:9:8:8:7:10); antennal segment 3 more than three times as long as broad (4.0; 4.3; 5.0). Head shiny, hairy, granulated; frontal line absent; temple distinct; occipital carina absent; POL = 8; OL = 3; OOL = 3; greatest breadth of posterior ocelli longer than OL (4:3) (in other specimens POL = 7; OL = 3; OOL = 3.5; greatest breadth of posterior ocelli longer than OL (3.5:3)). Palpal formula 2/2, 3/2, 4/2. Scutum shiny, granulated. Notauli complete, posteriorly joint or almost joint in small specimens, separated in large specimens; in very large specimens, minimum distance between notauli shorter than greatest breadth of posterior ocelli (2.5:4; or 2:4). Scutellum and metanotum shiny, finely punctate, unsculptured among punctures. Propodeum reticulate rugose; dorsal surface with median longitudinal furrow and occasionally with two lateral smooth areas. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands. Dorsal process of paramere ( Plate 111B ) much shorter than paramere. Tibial spurs 1/1/2.

Material examined. Types: ♀ lectotype (designated by Olmi, 1982) of P. nigricans : AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Bundaberg , 19.XI.1904, reared ( BPBM); ♀ lectotype (designated by Olmi, 1982) of P. melanacrias : FIJI ISLANDS: Viti Levu Island, Suva, III.1905 , reared from delphacid near Stenocranus , on Zoysia pungens ( BPBM) ; ♀ lectotype (designated by Olmi, 1982) of P. hospes : CHINA: no localities, F. Muir leg., reared in Honolulu from Perkinsiella saccharicida from Chinese stock, IV–V.1907 ( BPBM); ♀ holotype of G. sauteri : CHINA: Taiwan, Tainan, IV.1912, H. Sauter leg. ( DEI); ♀ holotype of P. pusanus : INDIA: Bihar, Pusa ( IARI); ♀ holotype of P. sogatae : INDIA: Bihar, Pusa, 6.VIII.1915, reared from Sogata sp. , C.S. Misra leg. ( USNM); ♂ holotype of G. insulanus : CHINA: Hainan, Qionghai, 4.V.1964, Junhua He leg. ( ZJUC). Type material of G. fulgori probably lost. Paratypes of P. nigricans : AUSTRALIA: same locality label as lectotype, 1♀ lebelled for mistake Fiji Islands ( BPBM); same locality label as holotype, parasitized host collected 1.X.1904, dryinid adult emerged 21.X.1904, R. Perkins leg., 1♀ “ paratype ” identified by the same R. Perkins ( BMNH); AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Bundaberg, Sandhills , X.1904, bred, 1♀ ( ANIC). Paratypes of P. melanacrias : same locality label as lectotype, 2♀♀ ( BPBM). Paratypes of P. hospes : same locality label as lectotype, 3♀♀ ( BPBM). Paratype of P. pusanus : same locality label as holotype, 1♀ ( IARI). Paratype of P. sogatae : same locality label as holotype, misidentified ♂ allotype not belonging to the same species of holotype. Other material. CHINA: Fujian, Shaxian, reared from rice planthoppers, 1979–1983, Changming Liu leg., 5♀♀ and 1♂ ( ZJUC); Fujian, IV.1987, 31.VII.1985, Changming Liu leg., 6♀♀ and 10♂ ( ZJUC); Guangdong, Yangjiang, 1979, 1981, Renhuan Hou leg., many ♀♀ and ♂ ( ZJUC); Guangdong, Xingfeng County, Mt. Yunjinshan, 9.VI.2002, 18.VII.2003, 19.VII.2003, Zaifu Xu leg., 3♀♀ ( ZJUC); same locality label, 20.VII.2003, Ping Li leg., 2♀♀ ( ZJUC); same locality label, Zaifu Xu leg., many ♀♀ ( ZJUC, AMNH); Guangdong, Shixing County, Chebaling National Nature Reserve, 21.VIII.2003, Zaifu Xu leg., 3♀♀ ( ZJUC); Guangdong, Foot of Nanling National Nature Reserve, Ruyang, M. Olmi reared from adult of unidentified Delphacid , parasitized host collected 12.IX.2004, dryinid cocooning 14.IX.2004, dryinid adult emerged X.2004, 1♀ ( MOLC); same locality label, parasitized host collected 12.IX.2004, dryinid cocooning 14.IX.2004, dryinid adult emerged X.2004, 1♀ ( MOLC); same locality label, parasitized host collected 12.IX.2004, dryinid cocooning 15.IX.2004, dryinid adult emerged X.2004, 1♀ ( MOLC); Guangdong, Mt. Nankunshan, 2.VII.2005, Zaifu Xu leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Guangdong, Yangjiang, Hailing Town , 1980, Renhuan Hou leg., 2♀♀ and 2♂ ( ZJUC); Guangdong, Huaiji County, 21–22.X.2007, Zaifu Xu leg., 1♀ ( SCAU); Guangdong, Conghua, 28.VI.1978, Junhua He leg., 1♀ ( SCAU); Guangdong, Zhaoqing, V.1998, Yufang Liu leg., 2♀♀ ( SCAU); Guizhou, Sinan , IX.1986, VIII.1991, 5♀♀ ( ZJUC); Guizhou, Sandu, VI–VII.1981, Dongxiang Xie leg., 3♀♀ ( ZJUC); Hubei, Zhuxi , 1981, 1♀ ( ZJUC); Hunan, Yueyang, 15.VIII.1975, Binsen Wang leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Guangxi, Luchuan, 30.VII.1980, Tiansheng Pu leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Guangxi, Bama, 1980, Tiansheng Pu leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Guangxi, Luocheng, 18.VI.1980, Tiansheng Pu leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Hainan, Yaxian, VI.1966, Junhua He leg., 1♀ ( ZJUC); Hong Kong, Tai Lung Farm , IX–XI.1965, swept above rice, I.W.B. Thornton leg., 1♀ ( BMNH); Macau ( BPBM); same locality label, R. Perkins collection, 2♀♀ ( USNM); Taiwan, Kaohsiung, Kosen ( AMNH, ELKU); Taiwan, Changhus, Erlin ( TARI); Taiwan, Taipei ( TARI); Taiwan, Taipei, Kungkuan ( TARI); Taiwan, Taihoku Pref. (= Taipei), 27.IX.1930, J. Sonan leg., 1♀ ( TARI); Taiwan, Tainan, ShinShi, 11.IX.1979, paddy field, Hirashima leg., 1♀ ( ELKU); Taiwan, Gakko ( ELKU); Itahashi (= Taiwan), 16.IX.1930, J. Sonan leg., 5♀♀ ( TARI); Takeyama (= Jhushan ), 6.X.1937, J. Sonan leg., 3♀♀ ( TARI); Inrin (= Yuanlin ), 8.X.1937, J. Sonan leg., 39♀♀ ( TARI). INDIA: Chhattisgarh, Raipur ( GCC, AMNH); Delhi, New Delhi ( IARI); Orissa, Cuttack , 1981, 1♀ ( BMNH); Orissa, Puri , 28.XI.1987, S.V. Fowler leg., 1♀ ( BMNH); Tamil Nadu, Tanjavur (= Tanjore ) District , 28.IX.1987, ex Nilaparvata lugens on rice, C. Peter leg., 3♀♀ ( BMNH); West Bengal, Hooghly District , Khanakul , 12.XII.1986, in paddy seedbed, 1♀ ( BMNH). INDONESIA: Java, Pekalongan ( BPBM); Java, Dieng Plateau ( BPBM); Borneo, Kalimantan, Paloh ( BMNH). MALAYSIA: Malaya, Selangor, 13.VIII.1928, H.T. Pagden leg., 1♀ ( BMNH); Malaya, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, 21.XII.1930, H. T. Pagden leg., 1♀ ( BMNH); same locality label, many ♀♀ and ♂ ( NMNH, KYC); Malaya, Seberang Perai ( MARDI); Malaya, Serdang ( DBUS); Sabah, Tuaran ( KYC); Sarawak, 1st. Division, Payah Paloh , 28.I.1965, G.H.L. Rotschild leg., 1♀ ( BMNH). THAILAND: Songkhla, Hadd Tai ( KYC); Non Bua Lampoo, Na Kam Hai ( KYC); Tung Saew ( KYC); Tung Fabad ( KYC); Chainat ( KYC, AMNH); Banmakok ( KYC); Mae Tang ( KYC); Lampamg ( ELKU); Mae-Theng ( ELKU); Hot ( ELKU); Chieng Dao ( ELKU); Thailand, 15.IX.1999, reared from Nilaparvata lugens ( Stål) , Sawai leg., 4♂ ( BMNH). Australian region: G. nigricans is known from Australia (Queensland), Fiji Islands, Solomon Islands and USA (Hawaii) ( Olmi , 1984). Introduced in the Hawaii 1906 and 1907 from China, Guangdong, for biological control of Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy in sugarcane fields ( Olmi , 2000a).

Hosts. Delphacidae ( Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997, 2006): in Australia: Liburnia sp. , Stenocranus sp. ; in China: Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) ( Yang et al., 1982; He & Xu, 2002), Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy ; in Malaysia: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) , Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) ; in Thailand: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) ( Chiu, 1979) ; in the USA (Hawaii): Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy (introduced for biological control).

Biology. Information by Pagden (1934); the parthenogenesis is thelytokous.

Natural enemies. In the USA (Hawaii) ( Swezey, 1919; Timberlake, 1919; Muir, 1921; Olmi, 2000a), G. nigricans can be parasitized by the following parasitoids: Encyrtidae : Helegonatopus pseudophanes R. Perkins, 1906 ; Cheiloneurus flaccus (Walker 1847) ( Guerrieri & Viggiani, 2005; Guerrieri, 2006); Aphelinidae : Centrodora xiphidii (R. Perkins, 1906) . In Malaya ( Pagden, 1934; Olmi, 2000a), G. nigricans can be parasitized by the following parasitoids: Ceraphronidae : Allomicrops abnormis (R. Perkins, 1910) ; Encyrtidae : Cheiloneurus exitiosus (R. Perkins, 1906) ( Guerrieri & Viggiani, 2005) ; Pteromalidae : Eupteromalus sp.

Distribution. China ( Taiwan, Hainan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau), Australia (Queensland), Fiji Islands ( Viti Levu), India (Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Orissa, Tamil Nadu), Indonesia (Java, Pekalongan, Borneo), Malaysia (Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak), Thailand (Songkhla, Non Bua Lampoo, Tung Saew, Tung Fabad, Chainat, Banmakok, Mae Tang, Lampamg, Mae-Theng, Chieng Dao).

Remarks. Gonatopus insulanus He & Xu is here synonymized with G. nigricans , because of the study of its type and comparison with male specimens of G. nigricans . There are no differences.

Gonatopus nigricans (= Pseudogonatopus hospes R. Perkins ) was established in the Hawaii from cocoons sent from China ( Perkins, 1912). This species was considered extinct in the Hawaii ( Olmi, 1999a). However, in 2010 one of the authors (Olmi) saw a male specimen collected in Oahu Island, Mt. Olympus, in April 1981 by a pan trap. Probably so this species is always present at least in Oahu Island, although rare. Gonatopus pusanus and G. sogatae are here synonymized with G. nigricans because the only differences concern the colour of mesosoma (black in nigricans , testaceous to reddish, with some darkened areas, in pusanus ; brown, with some areas reddish or yellow, in sogatae ). In the collections, there are also many specimens with intermediate colours, so that the synonymy is evident. Gonatopus fulgori is here synonymized with G. nigricans , because the original description is like that of G. nigricans (the type material of G. fulgori is lost). In the past these two species were separated, because attributed to two different zoogeographic regions ( fulgori in Palaearctic, nigricans in Oriental and Australian regions).

Figures

PLATE 111. A, B. Male genitalia. C. Scutum + metathorax + propodeum. D. Chela. A. Gonatopus nearcticus, from Greece. B. G. nigricans, from Malaya. Different shapes of dorsal process of paramere. C, D. G. bicuspis, holotype (from Olmi 1993d). Scale bar 0.14 mm for A and B, 0.40 mm for C and 0.12 mm for D.

PLATE 114. Gonatopus nigricans, Female. A. From China, Guangdong. Length 2.5 mm. B. Head, from China, Macau (from Olmi 1984). C. Mesoma, lateral view, from China, Macau (from Olmi 1984). D. Chela, from China, Macau (from Olmi 1984). Scale bar 1.10 mm for B, 1.02 mm for C and 0.12 mm for D.