Parupeneus heptacanthus (Lacepède, 1802)

Uiblein, Franz, Hoang, Tuan Anh & Gledhill, Daniel, 2017, Redescription and new records of Jansen’s goatfish, Parupeneus jansenii (Mullidae), from the Western Pacific and Eastern Indian Ocean, Zootaxa 4344 (3), pp. 541-559 : 548-556

Parupeneus heptacanthus (Lacepède, 1802)

Cinnabar goatfish

( Figs. 2–5; Table 2)

Sciaena heptacantha Lacepède, 1802 (type locality not given)

Upeneus cinnabarinus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829

Upeneus pleurospilos Bleeker, 1853 (type locality Ambon, Moluccas, Indonesia) Parupeneus heptacanthus Kim & Amaoka 2001 , Randall 2004, Randall & Heemstra 2009, Allen & Erdman 2012

Holotype. MNHN 5438 , 153 mm SL, dried specimen, type locality not given (probably Indonesia).

Syntype. Parupeneus pleurospilus , RMNH 5743, 106 mm SL, Indonesia, Moluccas, Ambon.

Non-type material (n = 51, 59– 193 mm SL). Vietnam: MNHN 1967-547, 185 mm SL; South-central coast: MUL.PA.HEP.02, Hai Phong Fisheries Research Institute Reference Collection, 171 mm SL; Da Nang province, Da Nang: VNMN-I 5, 121 mm SL, and VNMN-I 6, 119 mm SL, Tho Quang, Hoang Sa street landing site, 16°06.01' N 108°15.65' E; Khanh Hoa province, Nha Trang: VNMN-I 44, 186 mm SL, and VNMN-I 45, 192 mm SL, Vinh Luong landing site, 12°20.110' N, 109°12.228' E; VNMN-I 48, 139 mm SL, and VNMN-I 47, 155 mm SL, Xom Moi market, 12°14.566' N, 109°11.426' E; VNMN-I 40, 181 mm SL, VNMN-I 41, 164 mm SL, VNMN- I- 42, 161 mm SL, VNMN-I 46, 184 mm SL, VNMN-I 49, 170 mm SL, VNMN-I 66, 2 specimens: 131–138 mm SL, and VNMN-I 128, 191 mm SL, Binh Tan fish market, 12°12.793' N; 109°11.825' E; VNMN-I 137, 5 specimens: 81–106 mm SL, VNMN-I 138, 3 specimens: 64–72 mm SL, and VNMN-I 139, 2 specimens, 136–158 mm SL, Vinh Truong district, Cua Be landing site, 12°12.09' N; 109°12.122' E; VNMN-I 1, 167 mm SL, VNMN-I 2 152 mm SL, and VNMN-I 3, 128 mm SL, Hon Ro landing site, 12°12.07' N 109°11.66' E; VNMN-I 136, 59 mm SL, Hon Tre Island, 12°10'–12°14' N 109°14'–109°21' E, obtained from fishermen; Philippines: MNHN 1979-90, 1 (of 3), 149 mm SL; Indonesia: RMNH 5737, 3(of 6), 160–166 mm SL; North Sulawesi, Manado: NCIP 5033, 162 mm SL, Manado fish market, 1°29.85' N 124°50.45' E; Java Sea: RMNH 13339, 84 mm SL; southern Bali: CSIRO H 5972-17, 150 mm SL, CSIRO H 5972-18, 132 mm SL, CSIRO H 7695-03, 137 mm SL, and CSIRO H 8157-01, 184 mm SL, Jimbaran Bay, Kedonganan fish market, 8°45' S 115°10' E; Australia, Western Australia: CSIRO CA 2881, 181 mm SL, off Port Hedland, 20°00' S 117°49' E, 37–38 m depth; CSIRO CA 3859, 143 mm SL, CSIRO CA 3860, 155 mm SL, and CSIRO CA 3861, 186 mm SL, NW of Port Hedland, 19°16' S 117°55' E, 82-84 m depth; Northern Territory: CSIRO CA 2037, 193 mm SL, NW of Bathurst Island, 11°12' S 128°35' E, 38 m depth; CSIRO CA 2061, 155 mm SL, NE of N Goulburn-Island, 10°43' S 134°00' E, 62 m depth; Queensland, South of Torres Strait: CSIRO H 3894-01, 152 mm SL, and CSIRO H 3894-02, 150 mm SL, NE of Cape Grenville, 11°38' S 143°35' E, 18 m depth; Great Barrier Reef: CSIRO H 7379-07, 122 mm SL, NE of Cairns, 16°32' S 146°02' E, 54 m depth; CSIRO H 8155-01, 138 mm SL, NE of Yeppoon, 22°44' S 151°27' E, 60 m depth; CSIRO H 8156-01, 193 mm SL, N of North Reef, Capricorn Group, 23°02' S 151°55' E, 67 m depth.

Diagnosis. Dorsal fins VIII + 9; pectoral fins 15–17; gill rakers 5–7 + 2 0–23 = 26–29; measurements in % SL, large-sized fish: body depth at first dorsal-fin origin 29–35; body depth at anus 23–29; caudal-peduncle depth 10– 12; maximum head depth 26–31; head depth through eye 21–25; interorbital length 7.7–9.2; head length 31–34; snout length 14–17; postorbital length 10–13; orbit length 5.8–8.1; upper jaw length 12–14; barbel length 25–29; caudal-peduncle length 21–25; caudal-fin length 29–33; anal-fin height 13–16; pelvic-fin length 22–25; pectoralfin length 23–28; first dorsal-fin height 20–23; second dorsal-fin height 11–15; small-sized fish: body depth at first dorsal-fin origin 28–30; body depth at anus 23–26; caudal-peduncle depth 10–11; maximum head depth 24–27; head depth through eye 19–22; interorbital length 7.7–8.4; head length 30–34; snout length 13–15; postorbital length 10–13; orbit length 6.6–8.3; upper jaw length 12–13; barbel length 26–28; caudal-peduncle length 22–25; caudal-fin length 29–32; anal-fin height 14–16; pelvic-fin length 23–24; pectoral-fin length 24–26; first dorsal-fin height 19–21; second dorsal-fin height 13–15; maxilla posterior margin evenly, symmetrically rounded; body and head purple red or vermillion, colour may become paler below lateral line and eye; scale edges darker; scales often with pale violet or pearly iridescent spot; body silvery white ventrally; one or two indistinct narrow yellow-orange stripes sometimes visible, one of them just above or along lateral line and more conspicuous, the other further below; a small dark red or reddish-brown spot on or just below the eighth lateral-line scale in both large- and smallsized fish; caudal fin red at base and ventrally of lower lobe, the remaining parts yellowish to pale orange; dorsal and anterior parts of anal and pelvic fins red or orange; barbels white or pale orange except for the white tips; preserved fish pale or pale brown to pale grey, head or dorsal body and head margin sometimes darker.

Comparisons ( Figures 1 , 3–5 , Tables 2, 3)

Parupeneus jansenii differs from P. heptacanthus - independently of size - in shallower body and caudal peduncle, smaller maximum head depth, shorter barbels, caudal and pelvic fins, shallower first dorsal fin, shallower first ray of second dorsal fin, and lack of small dark red or reddish-brown spot on or just below the eighth lateral-line scale; furthermore, small-sized P. jansenii differs in shorter second dorsal-fin base, shallower anal fin, shorter pelvic-fin spine, and shorter pectoral fins; and large-sized P. jansenii differs in shallower head depth through eye and longer anal-fin base. Regarding meristic characters, Parupeneus jansenii differs from P. heptacanthus statistically with signifcantly fewer pectoral-fin rays, more gill rakers on upper limb, and constantly 27 lateral-line scales in contrast to 27–28 scales in the latter species ( Figure 5 ). The currently known maximum size of P. jansenii is 159 mm SL (this study), while P. heptacanthus has been reported to reach a much larger size of 290 mm SL ( Randall 2004).

Parupeneus jansenii P. heptacanthus P. P. P. P. P. P.

angulatus fraserorum minys nansen procerigena seychellensis

Small-sizeđ fish Large-sizeđ fish Small-sizeđ fish Large-sizeđ fish

Min Mean Max n Min Mean Max n Min Mean Max n Min Mean Max n HT PT PT HT PT HT ……continued on the next page Parupeneus jansenii P. heptacanthus P. P. P. P. P. P.

angulatus fraserorum minys nansen procerigena seychellensis

Small-sizeđ fish Large-sizeđ fish Small-sizeđ fish Large-sizeđ fish

Min Mean Max n Min Mean Max n Min Mean Max n Min Mean Max n HT PT PT HT PT HT Small-sizeđ fish Large-sizeđ fish

Inđonesia Vietnam Australia All Inđonesia Vietnam Australia All ……continued on the next page Small-sized fish Large-sized fish

Indonesia Vietnam Australia All Indonesia Vietnam Australia All

Syntypes Min Mean Max n n =2 Min Mean Max n Min Mean Max n n =1 Min Mean Max n Min Mean Max n Min Mean Max n Parupeneus jansenii differs from all other similar species ( heptacanthus group and P. angulatus ) as follows: from P. fraserorum , P. procigerena , and P. seychellensis in shallower body, shallower caudal peduncle, shallower head, shorter snout, shorter anal-fin base, shorter pelvic fin, and shallower eighth dorsal-fin ray; additional important differences from P. fraserorum are: fewer pectoral-fin rays, shorter barbels, shorter second dorsal-fin base, higher anal fin, shallower first ray of second dorsal fin, and wider pectoral fin; from P. procigerena : shorter postorbital length, wider interdorsal distance, shorter barbels, longer caudal peduncle, higher anal fin, shorter pectoral fins, shallower first dorsal fin, and shallower ninth ray of second dorsal fin; and from P. seychellensis : fewer gill rakers, shorter and narrower snout, and longer anal-fin base.

Parupeneus jansenii differs from P. angulatus and P. nansen in shorter caudal fin, shallower third dorsal-fin spine, and fewer lateral-line scales; furthermore, it differs from P. angulatus in round vs. angular rear end of maxilla, in shorter postorbital, longer caudal peduncle, shorter anal-fin base, slightly higher first anal-fin ray and first ray on second dorsal fin; and from P. nansen it differs in shallower maximum body depth, wider barbel, and shorter pelvic fin.

Parupeneus jansenii is morphologically rather similar to P. minys , especially, when comparing the 104 mm SL paratype of P. minys with P. jansenii small-sized fish. Accordingly, similar-sized P. jansenii differs in larger eyes, wider barbels, longer and wider pectoral fins, and shallower first dorsal-fin spine. Parupeneus jansenii reaches at least 159 mm SL (this study), while for P. minys a maximum size of only 106.5 mm SL has been reported ( Randall & Heemstra 2009).

Parupeneus jansenii shows intraspecific differences among size classes and populations ( Figure 1 ; Table 3). The single large-sized fish from Indonesia differs from co-occurring small-sized fish in several morphometric characters. Small-sized fish of the NE Australian population differ from the other populations in having a higher eighth ray on the second dorsal fin. This difference applies also for the large-sized fish of the NE Australian population when compared with similar-sized specimens from Vietnam. The values for the geographically intermediate population from Indonesia largely overlap with those of the two other populations.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Six morphometric characters (expressed in % SL) plotted against SL for Parupeneus jansenii from three different areas.

FIGURE 3. Parupeneus jansenii (left side) and P. heptacanthus (right side). (A) VNMN-I 4, 159 mm SL, Hon Ro landing site, Nha Trang City, Vietnam (Franz Uiblein); (B) VNMN-I 51, 135 mm SL, Binh Tan fish market, Nha Trang City, Vietnam (Tuan Anh Hoang); (C) CSIRO H 5972 - 19, 146 mm SL, Kedonganan, Jimbaran Bay (S coast of Bali), Indonesia (William T. White); (D) CSIRO H 8154 - 01, 81 mm SL, NE of Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia (Daniel C. Gledhill); (E, F) VNMN-I 49, 170 mm SL, Binh Tan fish market, Nha Trang, Vietnam (Tuan Anh Hoang); (G) CSIRO H 5972 - 17, 150 mm SL, Kedonganan, Jimbaran Bay (S coast of Bali), Indonesia (William T. White); (H) CSIRO H 7379 - 07, 122 mm SL, NE of Cairns, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia (Daniel C. Gledhill).

FIGURE 4. Small-sized Parupeneus jansenii (A, B) and P. heptacanthus (C) from Hon Tre Island, Nha Trang, Vietnam (D. A. Pavlov): (A) VNMN-I 135, 68 mm SL; (B) VNMN-I 134, 74 mm SL; (C) VNMN-I 136, 59 mm SL.

FIGURE 5. Four meristic characters for Parupeneus jansenii and P. heptacanthus, with results of statistical interspecific comparisons indicating significant differences based on χ 2 test for trends (upper three charts) or Fisher’s exact test for 2 x 2 tables (lowermost chart).