Garcinia section Macrostigma Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. Vol. 1, Fasc. 6, 36 (1883). Clade 9

Gaudeul, Myriam, Sweeney, Patrick & Munzinger, Jerome, 2024, An updated infrageneric classification of the pantropical species-rich genus Garcinia L. (Clusiaceae) and some insights into the systematics of New Caledonian species, based on molecular and morphological evidence, PhytoKeys 239, pp. 73-105 : 73

10. Garcinia section Macrostigma Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. Vol. 1, Fasc. 6, 36 (1883). Clade 9

Figs 2 , 3

Type.

Garcinia latissima Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 209 (1864).

Distinguishing sectional characters.

Staminate flowers lacking pistillode (usually, but rudimentary or well-developed pistillode present in some species), stamens united into central column (sometimes lobed with lobes equaling number of petals) or into completely separate antepetalous fascicles, androecium often adnate to the petals to varying degrees, anthers two-thecous. Ovaries four (three) to eight locular, stigmas unlobed and smooth or divided and papillose. Fruits with smooth walls or faintly to deeply furrowed/grooved. Inflorescences axillary or terminal with one to many flowers. Indomalaya, tropical Australasia, and Oceania.

This section includes chiefly species that were included in Jones’ (1980) sections Macrostigma , Mungotia , and Tripetalum . This is perhaps the most heterogenous of the sections recognized here and it is difficult to point to a single character shared by all of the species in the section. Many species, especially those that were placed into sections Macrostigma and Tripetalum , often have stamen bundles adnate to the petals. It has been suggested that highly branched, anastomosing exudate-containing canals on the adaxial leaf surface may be a synapomorphy for this clade ( Sweeney 2008); however, this has not been comprehensively studied across the genus and may not be a reliable character for determining sectional placement (see Cooper 2013). Many species possess leaves with elliptic, elliptic-obovate, or obovate leaves with thin, closely spaced (ca. <5 mm) secondary veins. Other possible features uniting species in the group include the presence of an exotegmen and non-garcinioid type seed germination (see Brandza 1908; Stevens 2007). Further study is needed to confirm the distribution/presence of these characters.

In the phylogeny, this clade includes three species that have been variously placed into other sections by other authors ( Lauterbach 1922; Jones 1980): G. hollrungii , G. prainiana , and G. warrenii . In addition to molecular data, these species have morphology that supports their placement into Garcinia Macrostigma .

Species.

Garcinia amplexicaulis Vieill. ex Pierre; G. branderhorstii Lauterb.; G. brassii C.T.White; G. carolinensis (Lauterb.) Kosterm.; G. crassifolia Seeth.; G. crassinervis (Warb.) Kosterm.; G. cymosa (K.Schum.) I.M.Turner & P.F.Stevens; G. densiflora Pierre; G. gibbsiae S.Moore; G. hollrungii Lauterb.; G. latissima Miq.; G. moselleyana Pierre; G. multibracteolata Merr.; G. mungotia Planch. ex Pierre; G. nuntasaenii Ngerns. & Suddee; G. pachycarpa (A.C.Sm.) Kosterm.; G. pancheri Pierre; G. pedicellata (G.Forst.) Seem.; G. phuongmaiensis V.S.Dang, H.Toyama & D.L.A.Tuan; G. platyphylla A.C.Sm.; G. prainiana King; G. pseudoguttifera Seem.; G. puat (Montrouz.) Guillaumin; G. quadrilocularis Seeth.; G. russellii W.E.Cooper; G. sessilis (G.Forst.) Seem.; G. smithii Kosterm.; G. vieillardii Pierre; G. warrenii F.Muell.

Figures

Figure 2. Molecular phylogeny of Garcinia L. based on ITS sequences and Bayesian inference. Posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap support values (BS), obtained respectively by the Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis, are indicated at each node of the cladogram. Nodes were collapsed when PP <0.50. The lineages / sections discussed in the text are highlighted, and species names appear in colors depending on their native distribution areas: light blue, Central and South America; light green, Tropical Africa; dark green, Madagascar and Western Indian Ocean islands; grey, Southeast Asia; purple, Australia; orange, New Guinea; red, New Caledonia; dark blue, Southwest Pacific islands. Distribution information was taken from the Plants of the World Online website (POWO 2023; also see the table of vouchers). A few species occur in several regions, and the color of the main (largest) geographic region was used. Accessions in bold were newly sequenced in this study.

Figure 3. Molecular phylogeny of Garcinia L. based on a combined chloroplast DNA dataset and Bayesian inference. Posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap support values (BS), obtained respectively by the Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis, are indicated at each node of the cladogram. Nodes were collapsed when PP <0.50. The lineages / sections discussed in the text are highlighted, and species names appear in colors depending on their native distribution areas: light green, Tropical Africa; dark green, Madagascar and Western Indian Ocean islands; grey, Southeast Asia; purple, Australia; orange, New Guinea; red, New Caledonia; dark blue, Southwest Pacific islands. Distribution information was taken from the Plants of the World Online website (POWO 2023; also see the table of vouchers). A few species occur in several regions, and the color of the main (largest) region was used. All accessions were newly sequenced in this study.