Phalacridae, Leach, 1815

Gimmel, Matthew L., 2013, <strong> Genus-level revision of the family Phalacridae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) </ strong>, Zootaxa 3605 (1), pp. 1-147 : 15-18

Key to world genera of Phalacridae

1 Head capsule width at tempora distinctly narrower than width at eyes ( Figs. 2j, k ); antennomeres IX and X elongate-cylindrical ( Figs. 4b , 5b ); mesoventral disc medially on same plane as metaventral process, metaventral process not exceeding middle of mesocoxae ( Figs. 4f , 5f ); prosternal process usually vertically laminate; tarsi 4-4-4 (penultimate segment fused with terminal segment), all tarsi compressed ( Figs. 4d , 5d ); warm regions of the Old World ( Phaenocephalus -group).................. 2

- Head capsule width at tempora equal to width at eyes ( Fig. 2l ); antennomeres IX and X usually wider than long; mesoventral disc either completely divided medially by a mesoventral plate, or sunken anterior to metaventral process, metaventral process usually exceeding middle of mesocoxae; prosternal process usually wide, not laminate; tarsi 5-5-5 (5-5-4 or rarely 4-5- 4 in some), penultimate tarsomere embraced by lobed tarsomere III (often difficult to observe in dry-mounted specimens), metatarsi usually distinctly longer than other tarsi, not compressed; worldwide......................................... 4

2(1) Prosternal process stout, expanded at tip, mesoventrite with a distinct concavity for its reception just anterior to tip of metaventral process ( Fig. 37f ); Madagascar.......................................... Ranomafanacrinus , gen. nov. (p. 26)

- Prosternal process narrow, vertically laminate, not expanded at tip, mesoventrite flat or gently sloping anterior of metaventral process.............................................................................................. 3

3(2) Antennal scape flattened, subtriangular ( Fig. 5b ); clypeus forming a continuous shelf between eyes; mandibular apex simple ( Fig. 5a ); labial palp with terminal segment flattened, wider than long ( Fig. 2h ); elytra distinctly explanate laterally; elytra distinctly punctato-striate; anal lobe of hind wing ovate ( Fig. 5e ); size large, 2.0 mm or more; India to Australia.......................................................................................... Phalacrinus Blackburn (p. 23)

- Antennal scape more or less cylindrical ( Fig. 4b ); clypeus depressed, not forming a continuous shelf between eyes; mandibular apex bidentate ( Fig. 4a ); labial palp with terminal segment cylindrical, longer than wide ( Fig. 2i ); elytra not distinctly explanate laterally; elytra not or barely punctate or striate; anal lobe of hind wing straplike ( Fig. 4e ); size small, 1.8 mm or less; Africa to Japan, northern Australia, and Fiji...................................... Phaenocephalus Wollaston (p. 18)

4(1) Mesocoxal cavities nearly contiguous ( Fig. 33f ); labial palpomere III with one or two long, spinelike setae ( Fig. 2g ); Old World tropics................................................................ Grouvelleus Guillebeau (p. 111)

- Mesocoxal cavities distinctly separated (as in Fig. 27f ); labial palpomere III without long setae........................ 5

5(4) With the following combination of characteristics: mesocoxae separated by distinctly less than half width of coxal cavity ( Fig. 29f ), metatarsomere I much shorter than II ( Fig. 29d ), AND metaventral postcoxal lines not separated from coxal cavities ( Fig. 29f ); New World tropics and subtropics................................................. Apallodes Reitter (p. 97)

- Either mesocoxae separated by more than half width of coxal cavity, metatarsomere I longer than II, or metaventral postcoxal lines separated from coxal cavities........................................................................ 6

6(5) Protibia with strong ctenidium on outer edge, row parallel to long axis of tibia overall, extending at least one-third length of tibia ( Figs. 12c , 32c )................................................................................... 7

- Protibia without ctenidium ( Fig. 19c ), or with obliquely oriented ctenidium confined to apical one-fourth of tibia ( Fig. 34c ).. ................................................................................................... 16

7(6) Scutellar shield large, as wide as or wider at base than length of eye at widest point (as in Fig. 2b ); elytron rarely with fewer than three striae; prosternum conspicuously setose medially; metaventral process not protruding anteriorly; Afrotropical, southeast Asian, and circum-Caribbean ( Pseudolibrus -group)................................................... 8

- Scutellar shield small, usually narrower at base than greatest length of eye (as in Fig. 2a ); elytron rarely with more than two striae; prosternum not setose medially; metaventral process variable; worldwide................................... 10

8(7) Elytron with one (rarely), two, or three nearly complete striae; elytra with spectral iridescence; southeast Asian and circum- Caribbean.................................................................... Litostilbus Guillebeau (p. 46)

- Elytron with nine nearly complete discal striae; elytra not iridescent; Afrotropical.................................. 9

9(8) Maxillary palp greatly enlarged, subequal in length to antenna ( Fig. 2f ); size large, about 3.2 mm; Yemen........................................................................................... Megistopalpus Guillebeau (p. 47)

- Maxillary palp normal; size smaller, 2.7 mm or less; Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles........... Pseudolibrus Flach (p. 48)

10(7) Metaventral process lobed anteriorly, surpassing mesocoxae, shelflike ( Figs. 30f , 32f ).............................. 11

- Metaventral process truncate anteriorly, not or barely exceeding mesocoxae, not shelflike ( Figs. 20f , 25f )............... 12

11(10) Metatarsomere I short, much shorter than metatarsomere II ( Fig. 32d ); apical metatibial ctenidium transverse ( Fig. 32d ); sutural stria completely absent from elytron; Neotropical.................................... Eulitrus Sharp (p. 107)

- Metatarsomere I much longer than metatarsomere II ( Fig. 30d ); apical metatibial ctenidium oblique ( Fig. 30d ); sutural stria present (as in Fig. 2b ); Old World............................................... Augasmus Motschulsky (p. 102)

12(10) Prosternal process projecting, acute apically when viewed laterally, exceeding procoxae when viewed ventrally; mesoventral plate extending posteriorly to metaventrite, dividing mesoventral disc in two ( Figs. 20f , 21f ) ( Ochrolitus -group)......... 13

- Prosternal process rounded or step-like when viewed laterally, not exceeding procoxae when viewed ventrally; mesoventral plate not extending posteriorly to metaventrite, mesoventral disc continuous behind plate ( Figs. 24f , 25f , 26f ) ( Olibrosoma - group)............................................................................................. 14

13(12) Elytron with 2 or 3 sutural striae (as in Fig. 2a ); prosternal process apically with a row of spinelike setae (similar to Fig. 3a ); New World....................................................................... Ochrolitus Sharp (p. 71)

- Elytron with 1 sutural stria (as in Fig. 2b ); prosternal process with translucent process apically, devoid of setae ( Fig. 40g ); Indo-Australia and Madagascar..................................................... Sveculus , gen. nov. (p. 72)

14(12) Metaventral lines separated (sometimes only slightly) from mesocoxal cavities ( Fig. 25f ); antennomere XI not modified... 15

- Metaventral lines not separated from mesocoxal cavity ( Fig. 24f ); male antennomere XI enlarged, variable, but sometimes nearly as long as remainder of antenna ( Fig. 24b ); Afrotropical...................... Antennogasmus , gen. nov. (p. 84)

15(14) Antennal club of 4 or 5 articles ( Fig. 26b ); Middle East and Africa, not including Madagascar... Olibrosoma Tournier (p. 91)

- Antennal club of 3 articles ( Fig. 25b ); Madagascar only............................... Malagasmus , gen. nov. (p. 87)

16(6) Elytron with 4 distinctly impressed discal striae, striae without obvious punctures, oblique, converging posteriorly towards suture ( Fig. 42g ); abdominal ventrite I with paired lines ( Fig. 3b ); scutellar shield large, as wide or wider at base than length of eye at widest point (as in Fig. 2b ); metaventrite not protruding anteriorly; Madagascar..... Malagophytus , gen. nov. (p. 116)

- Discal striae, when present, with row of distinct punctures and/or more or less parallel to suture; scutellar shield usually narrower at base than greatest length of eye (as in Fig. 2a ) (large only in Phalacrus and Phalacropsis , which have a protruding metaventrite); worldwide.............................................................................. 17

17(16) Metatarsomere I as long as or longer than metatarsomere II, articulation between them inconspicuous, rigid ( Fig. 27d ).... 18

- Metatarsomere I distinctly shorter than metatarsomere II, or if nearly as long, articulation between segments distinct, flexible ( Fig. 15d )........................................................................................... 21

18(17) Meso-metaventral margin emarginate at apex for reception of protrusive prosternal process (prosternal process often with horizontally laminate structure) or truncate, not extending anteriorly beyond mesocoxae ( Fig. 31e ); metaventral lines not separated from coxal cavities; elytra with spectral iridescence (sometimes weak); Old World........ Entomocnemus Guillebeau (p. 104)

- Meso-metaventral margin truncate or lobed, extending anteriorly beyond mesocoxae ( Fig. 34f ), prosternal process not protruding; if lobe truncate, metaventral lines separated from coxal cavities and spectral iridescence absent; elytra with or without spectral iridescence; New World and Australasia............................................................ 19

19(18) Protibia with short ctenidium, with oblique row of 5–10 spines subapically ( Fig. 34c ); metaventral lines not separated from coxal cavities; Oriental, Australian, and eastern Palearctic regions......................... Litochrus Erichson (p. 112)

- Protibial ctenidium absent, with only 1 or 2 spines at outer apical angle of tibia ( Figs. 27c , 28c ); metaventral lines separated from coxal cavities (but often difficult to observe); New World and Australian region ( Litochropus -group).............. 20

20(19) Mesoventral plate extending posteriorly to metaventral process, borders complete ( Fig. 27f ) (difficult or impossible to see when beetle is in repose); USUALLY with the following characteristics: elytra without microsculpture (not iridescent), with distinct transverse strigae over virtually entire surface; eye indistinctly emarginate medially; elytra with 1 engraved sutural stria (occasionally with 2); mesotibia with only 1 apical spur (2 in Australasian forms); longest metatibial spur not longer than width of tibial apex; generally more globular species; New World and Australia................ Litochropus Casey (p. 92) - Mesoventral plate with lateral borders becoming obsolete posteriorly, not reaching metaventral process ( Fig. 28f ); USUALLY with the following characteristics: elytra with obvious transverse microsculpture (iridescent), without transverse strigae; eye distinctly emarginate; elytra with 2 engraved sutural striae (rarely with 1); mesotibia with 2 apical spurs; longest metatibial spur distinctly longer than width of tibial apex; generally more flattened species; New World and southeast Asia....................................................................................... Neolitochrus , gen. nov. (p. 95)

21(17) Scutellar shield large, width at base exceeding maximum diameter of eye in dorsal view (as in Fig. 2b ); frontoclypeus shelflike, concealing antennal insertions ( Fig. 2d ); metafemora with row of long setae subapically; metaventral process lobed anteriorly, exceeding mesocoxae ( Figs. 14f , 15f ); metaventral lines not separated from mesocoxal cavities; aedeagus resting on its side in repose ( Phalacrus -group)........................................................................ 22

- Scutellar shield smaller, width at base subequal to or less than maximum diameter of eye in dorsal view (as in Fig. 2a ); frontoclypeus not shelflike, antennal insertions exposed ( Figs. 2c, e ); metafemora usually without row of long setae; metaventral process and metaventral lines various; aedeagus upright in repose................................................. 23

22(21) Sutural stria absent; mandibles short, stout, bidentate ( Fig. 14a ); ovipositor with gonocoxae not spiniform, gonostyli attached apically ( Fig. 3d ); color testaceous to brunneous; highlands of the American Cordillera ......... Phalacropsis Casey (p. 51)

- Sutural stria present or (rarely) absent; mandibles usually long, sickle-shaped, with acuminate apex ( Fig. 15a ); ovipositor with gonocoxae spiniform, gonostyli attached subapically ( Fig. 3c ); color usually piceous to black, sometimes with subapical elytral maculations, occasionally testaceous or brunneous; worldwide.............................. Phalacrus Paykull (p. 53)

23(21) Metaventral lines not separated from mesocoxal cavities ( Fig. 22f )............................................. 24

- Metaventral lines separated from mesocoxal cavities ( Figs. 10f , 35f )............................................ 30

24(23) Mesoventral process lobed anteriorly, exceeding mesocoxae ( Figs. 22f , 36f )...................................... 25

- Mesoventral process not lobed anteriorly, not exceeding mesocoxae ( Fig. 17f ) ( Olibroporus -group)................... 27

25(24) Eye with small acute emargination on posterior border ( Fig. 43c ); elytron with sutural stria scarcely visible or absent, other striae absent; labrum with lateral apical tufts of stout setae; female ovipositor lightly sclerotized, not modified; male tegmen with parameres fused to basal piece; Neotropical.................................... Steinerlitrus , gen. nov. (p. 120)

- Eye without emargination on posterior border; elytron with distinct sutural stria, often with additional striae; labrum without tufts of stout setae; female ovipositor moderately sclerotized and modified into a wedge-like organ ( Fig. 3e ); male tegmen with parameres articulated with basal piece; all major regions except Neotropical ( Olibrus -group)......................... 26

26(25) Clypeus broadly emarginate at apex ( Fig. 2e ); metatibial spurs broad, spatulate ( Fig. 23d ); protibia abruptly expanded at apex ( Fig. 23c ); body nearly parallel-sided; pronotal hind angles nearly obliterated, not tightly embracing elytral humeri; elytron with full complement of distinct striae; mandible with apex simple ( Fig. 23a ); upper portion of eye often with facets abruptly reduced in size; Mediterranean to central Asia........................................... Tolyphus Erichson (p. 81)

- Clypeus with apical margin straight or nearly straight (as in Fig. 2c ); metatibial spurs narrow, not flattened ( Fig. 22d ); protibia gradually or not expanded at apex ( Fig. 22c ); body more ovoid; pronotal hind angles evident, tightly embracing elytral humeri when beetle is in repose; elytron usually with at least lateral striae indistinct; mandible with apex tridentate ( Fig. 22a ); all eye facets similar in size; all major regions except Neotropical.................................. Olibrus Erichson (p. 75)

27(24) Mandibular apex tridentate (rarely apex simple), with dorsal cusp smaller than others but sharply pointed ( Figs. 16a , 19a ); mesoventral plate with lateral borders not extending posteriorly to mesocoxal cavities ( Figs. 16f , 18f ); eye with short interfacetal setae; Old World.................................................................................. 28

- Mandibular apex bidentate, with a series of two or more small, blunt, dorsal teeth ( Figs. 17a , 19a ); mesoventral plate with lateral borders extending posteriorly almost to mesocoxal cavities, then curving laterad ( Figs. 17f , 19f ); eye without interfacetal setae; New World.................................................................................... 29

28(27) Highly flattened in lateral view ( Fig. 39h ); mandible with strong retinaculum and without ventral ridge ( Fig. 18a ); southwestern Australia............................................................... Platyphalacrus , gen. nov. (p. 64)

- Rounded in lateral view; mandible without retinaculum and with ventral ridge ( Fig. 16a ); Australasian region......................................................................................... Austroporus , gen. nov. (p. 58)

29(27) Mandible without ventral ridge ( Fig. 17a ); abdominal ventrite I with calli (normally visible only in slide preparations); elytra without spectral iridescence; globose in lateral view; prosternum not conspicuously setose medially; Nearctic and Neotropical................................................................................ Olibroporus Casey (p. 61)

- Mandible with ventral ridge ( Fig. 19a ); abdominal ventrite I without calli; elytra with or without spectral iridescence, if without, body flattened in lateral view; prosternum usually densely setose medially; Neotropical only...................................................................................................... Pycinus Guillebeau (p. 68)

30(23) Elytron with two engraved sutural striae (as in Fig. 2a ) and spectral iridescence; prosternal process rounded in lateral view, metaventral process correspondingly anteriorly protruding; Sri Lanka................... Paracylomus , gen. nov. (p. 119)

- Elytron with only one engraved sutural stria (as in Fig. 2b ) and without spectral iridescence, although iridescence is often present as a result of transverse wavy microsculpture; prosternal process angulate in lateral view, metaventral process correspondingly truncate ( Stilbus -group—NOTE: at present the genera of this group can be reliably separated only by examination of male genitalia)....................................................................................... 31

31(30) Tegmen with parameres fused to basal piece, without a complete suture ( Figs. 9h , 10h ); elytral punctures, when present, round, not crescent-shaped; prosternal process USUALLY with row of stiff setae ( Nesiotus with pair of setae); elevated portion of mesoventrite USUALLY expressed as more than just a margin anterior to metaventral process; metaventral postcoxal lines smoothly arcuate only in Nesiotus ( Fig. 9f , endemic to Madagascar), otherwise angulate ( Fig. 10f ).................... 32

- Tegmen with parameres articulated and hinged to basal piece ( Figs. 6h , 11h ); elytral punctures, when present, USUALLY crescent-shaped, especially laterally; prosternal process with or without row of stiff setae, often with pair of setae; elevated portion of mesoventrite USUALLY expressed as merely a margin anterior to metaventral process; metaventral postcoxal lines USU- ALLY arcuate behind ( Figs. 6f , 11f ), sometimes angulate, but NEVER with a spur or with medial branch absent......... 33

32(31) Eye normally shaped, not extended posteriorly on ventral surface of head capsule (as in Fig. 2m ); elytron without obvious rows of microsetae; metaventral postcoxal lines angulate posteriorly, often with a spur ( Fig. 10f ), medial branch sometimes absent; metatarsomeres I and II with flexible articulation ( Fig. 10d ); antenna with normal proportions ( Fig. 10b )..... Stilbus Seidlitz (p. 38)

- Eye extended posteriorly on ventral surface of head capsule ( Fig. 2n ); elytron with conspicuous rows of microsetae; metaventral postcoxal lines smoothly arcuate posteriorly, never with a spur or missing branch ( Fig. 9f ); metatarsomeres I and II with rigid articulation ( Fig. 9d ); antenna modified (more extreme in male), with funicle segments compressed and club elongate, longer than remainder of antenna ( Fig. 9b )............................................. Nesiotus Guillebeau (p. 36)

33(31) Mandible with ventral ridge ( Fig. 11a ); ventral seta-lined ridge posterior to eye oriented obliquely ( Fig. 2m ); elytron, especially near suture, with rows of relatively distinct, rounded punctures; male pro- and mesotarsi with tarsomere II often expanded and elongated, much larger than tarsomere III ( Fig. 11c ); penis with spinose tri- or tetrapartite structure at apex ( Fig. 11i ); metaventral lines smoothly arcuate ( Fig. 11f ); prosternal process exceeding procoxae posteriorly, distinctly arcuate, with row of stout setae; body form generally elongate, pronotum more than half as long as wide; usually reddish in color.................................................................................. Xanthocomus Guillebeau (p. 42)

- Mandible without ventral ridge ( Figs. 6a , 7a , 8a ); ventral seta-lined ridge posterior to eye arcuate or oriented transversely ( Fig. 2n ); elytron with shallow crescentiform punctures, stronger laterally; penis with apex simple or with rod-like structures at apex; metaventral lines ranging from smoothly arcuate to acuminately pointed ( Figs. 6i , 7i , 8i ); prosternal process not or only barely exceeding procoxae posteriorly, truncate, often (but not always) with only one setae at each corner; body form usually shorter and more globose, pronotum less than half as long as wide; color variable................. Acylomus Sharp (p. 28)

Figures

FIGURE 2. Key characters for Phalacridae. (a) Schematic of dorsal characters showing small scutellar shield and two sutural striae. (b) Schematic of dorsal characters showing large scutellar shield and one sutural stria. Frontal view of head capsule of (c) Stilbus; (d) Phalacrus; (e) Tolyphus. (f) Maxillary palpus of Megistopalpus. Labial palpus of (g) Grouvelleus; (h) Phalacrinus (scale bar = 0.5 mm); (i) Phaenocephalus (scale bar = 0.2 mm). Dorsal view of head capsule of (j) Phaenocephalus; (k) Phalacrinus; (l) Acylomus (scale bars = 0.5 mm). Ventral view of head capsule of (m) Xanthocomus; (n) Nesiotus.

FIGURE 3. Key characters for Phalacridae. (a) Prosternal process of Acylomus aciculatus Sharp (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (b) First abdominal ventrite of Malagophytus steineri Gimmel. Ovipositor of (c) Phalacrus sp.; (d) Phalacropsis dispar (LeConte); (e) Olibrus aeneus (Fabricius); (f) Litostilbus testaceus (Fabricius) (scale bars = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 4. Phaenocephalus sp., male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 5. Phalacrinus dilatatus, male. (a) Right mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Right protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 6. Acylomus aciculatus, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 7. Acylomus bicolor, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (f) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Tegmen, ventral; (h) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 8. Acylomus micropus, male. (a) Right mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 9. Nesiotus n. sp., male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). Nesiotus olibroides Guillebeau, lectotype male. (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 10. Stilbus nr. apicalis, male. (a) Right mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 11. Xanthocomus striatus, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 12. Litostilbus testaceus, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 14. Phalacropsis dispar, female. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). Male. (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 15. Phalacrus sp., female. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) right metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). Male. (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 16. Austroporus victoriensis, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 17. Olibroporus punctatus, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, dorsal; (i) penis, dorsal (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 18. Platyphalacrus lawrencei, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) right metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (g) Tegmen, ventral; (h) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 19. Pycinus sp., male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). Pycinus politus, lectotype male. (h) Tegmen, dorsal; (i) penis, dorsal; (j) spiculum gastrale (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 20. Ochrolitus rubens, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, dorsal; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 21. Sveculus lewisi, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) right metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). Female. (j) Spermatheca (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 22. Olibrus aeneus, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 23. Tolyphus (Tolyphus) granulatus, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) right metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 24. Antennogasmus cordatus, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 25. Malagasmus thalesi, female. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Spermatheca (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 26. Olibrosoma testacea, female. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 27. Litochropus clavicornis, female. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 28. Neolitochrus pulchellus, male. (a) Right mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 29. Apallodes sp., male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 1.0 mm).

FIGURE 30. Augasmus humilis, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) right metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 31. Entomocnemus sp., female. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Right protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral; (f) metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 32. Eulitrus estriatus, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (h) Tegmen, dorsal; (i) penis, dorsal (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 33. Grouvelleus dilutus, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 34. Litochrus brunneus, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Right protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 35. Paracylomus asiaticus, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 36. Steinerlitrus warreni, male. (a) Left mandible, dorsal; (b) left antenna (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (c) Left protibia and tarsus, dorsal; (d) left metatibia and tarsus, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Hind wing (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (f) Meso- and metaventrite, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (g) Metendosternite (scale bar = 1.0 mm). (h) Tegmen, ventral; (i) penis, ventral (scale bar = 0.5 mm). Female. (j) Spermatheca (scale bar = 0.5 mm).

FIGURE 37. Photographs. Phaenocephalus sp.: (a) dorsal; (b) ventral. Phalacrinus sp.: (c) dorsal. Ranomafanacrinus nigrinus, holotype: (d) dorsal; (e) lateral; (f) ventral. Acylomus aciculatus: (g) dorsal; (h) ventral. Acylomus bicolor: (i) dorsal.

FIGURE 39. Photographs. Megistopalpus simoni, lectotype: (a) dorsal; (b) view of antenna and maxillary palp. Phalacropsis dispar: (c) dorsal. Phalacrus rufoguttatus: (d) dorsal; (e) ventral. Austroporus sp.: (f) dorsal. Platyphalacrus lawrencei: (g) dorsal; (h) lateral; (f) ventral.

FIGURE 40. Photographs. Olibroporus punctatus: (a) dorsal. Pycinus sp.: (b) dorsal; (c) ventral. Ochrolitus rubens: (d) dorsal; (e) ventral. Sveculus lewisi, holotype: (f) dorsal; (g) ventral. Tolyphus (Tolyphus) granulatus: (h) dorsal; (i) head and pronotum laterally, showing eye facets.

FIGURE 42. Photographs. Grouvelleus n.sp., Africa: (a) dorsal; (b) ventral. Litochropus n.sp.: (c) dorsal; (d) ventral. Litochrus sp.: (e) dorsal; (f) ventral. Malagophytus steineri, holotype: (g) dorsal. Neolitochrus pulchellus: (h) dorsal; (i) ventral.

FIGURE 43. Photographs. Paracylomus asiaticus: (a) dorsal; (b) ventral. Steinerlitrus warreni: (c) head and pronotum laterally, showing posterior eye emargination; (d) dorsal; (e) ventral. Eulitrus estriatus: (f) dorsal.