Ara, Lacepede, 1799

Smith, Brian Tilston, Thom, Gregory & Joseph, Leo, 2024, Revised Evolutionary And Taxonomic Synthesis For Parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) Guided By Phylogenomic Analysis, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2024 (468), pp. 1-87 : 46

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.1206/0003-0090.468.1.1

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8D5487F9-9C4F-FFD6-FD5F-FED74B1D2AC1

treatment provided by

Felipe

scientific name

Ara
status

 

Ara View in CoL

Ara View in CoL contains the other group of extant large-bodied brightly colored macaws, and we note that at least one smaller species, A. tricolor View in CoL , is extinct ( Forshaw and Knight, 2017). Ara View in CoL has a crown age of 6.4 Mya (2.8–9.2), and maximum likelihood divergence time estimates among species in the genus ranged from 1.7–6.4 Mya (fig. 9). Relationships within Ara View in CoL differ between the concatenated and species tree and relative to previously inferred trees. All trees support three different groups, but relationships among and within them vary. One group comprises four species, the two large red ( A. macao View in CoL and A. chloropterus View in CoL ) and two large green macaws ( A. militaris View in CoL and A. ambiguus View in CoL ). A phylogenetic study on Ara View in CoL using mitochondrial DNA with incomplete species-level placed the extinct A. tricolor View in CoL as sister to the red and green macaws ( Johansson et al., 2018). The second group is the closely related blue-and-yellow macaws ( A. glaucogularis View in CoL and A. ararauna View in CoL ), our data robustly affirming the species status of A. glaucogularis View in CoL (see Ingels et al., 1981; Hesse and Duffield, 2000) and the phenotypically distinct A. rubrogenys View in CoL , which was not included in previous phylogenetic studies. The third group consisted solely of A. severus View in CoL . In the phylogenomic trees, A. severus View in CoL was sister to all other Ara View in CoL . The concatenated and species trees differed with respect to the monophyly of the large green and red macaws. Only the concatenated tree showed that the red ( A. macao View in CoL and A. chloropterus View in CoL ) and green macaws ( A. militaris View in CoL and A. ambiguus View in CoL ) were respectively monophyletic for each color group (fig. 9). Phylogeographic studies have found genetic structuring across the ranges of A. macao View in CoL ( Schmidt et al., 2020; Aardema et al., 2023), and A. militaris View in CoL ( Eberhard et al., 2015, Rivera-Ortíz et al., 2023), and no structuring in A. ambiguus View in CoL . The critically endangered A. glaucogularis View in CoL of Bolivia shows weak genetic differentiation between northern and southern populations ( Campos et al., 2021).

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Aves

Order

Psittaciformes

Family

Psittacidae

Loc

Ara

Smith, Brian Tilston, Thom, Gregory & Joseph, Leo 2024
2024
Loc

A. glaucogularis

Dabbene 1921
1921
Loc

A. glaucogularis

Dabbene 1921
1921
Loc

A. glaucogularis

Dabbene 1921
1921
Loc

A. rubrogenys

Lafresnaye 1847
1847
Loc

A. tricolor

Bechstein 1811
1811
Loc

A. tricolor

Bechstein 1811
1811
Loc

Ara

Lacepede 1799
1799
Loc

Ara

Lacepede 1799
1799
Loc

Ara

Lacepede 1799
1799
Loc

Ara

Lacepede 1799
1799
Loc

Ara

Lacepede 1799
1799
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