Ara, Lacepede, 1799
publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.1206/0003-0090.468.1.1 |
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8D5487F9-9C4F-FFD6-FD5F-FED74B1D2AC1 |
treatment provided by |
Felipe |
scientific name |
Ara |
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Ara View in CoL contains the other group of extant large-bodied brightly colored macaws, and we note that at least one smaller species, A. tricolor View in CoL , is extinct ( Forshaw and Knight, 2017). Ara View in CoL has a crown age of 6.4 Mya (2.8–9.2), and maximum likelihood divergence time estimates among species in the genus ranged from 1.7–6.4 Mya (fig. 9). Relationships within Ara View in CoL differ between the concatenated and species tree and relative to previously inferred trees. All trees support three different groups, but relationships among and within them vary. One group comprises four species, the two large red ( A. macao View in CoL and A. chloropterus View in CoL ) and two large green macaws ( A. militaris View in CoL and A. ambiguus View in CoL ). A phylogenetic study on Ara View in CoL using mitochondrial DNA with incomplete species-level placed the extinct A. tricolor View in CoL as sister to the red and green macaws ( Johansson et al., 2018). The second group is the closely related blue-and-yellow macaws ( A. glaucogularis View in CoL and A. ararauna View in CoL ), our data robustly affirming the species status of A. glaucogularis View in CoL (see Ingels et al., 1981; Hesse and Duffield, 2000) and the phenotypically distinct A. rubrogenys View in CoL , which was not included in previous phylogenetic studies. The third group consisted solely of A. severus View in CoL . In the phylogenomic trees, A. severus View in CoL was sister to all other Ara View in CoL . The concatenated and species trees differed with respect to the monophyly of the large green and red macaws. Only the concatenated tree showed that the red ( A. macao View in CoL and A. chloropterus View in CoL ) and green macaws ( A. militaris View in CoL and A. ambiguus View in CoL ) were respectively monophyletic for each color group (fig. 9). Phylogeographic studies have found genetic structuring across the ranges of A. macao View in CoL ( Schmidt et al., 2020; Aardema et al., 2023), and A. militaris View in CoL ( Eberhard et al., 2015, Rivera-Ortíz et al., 2023), and no structuring in A. ambiguus View in CoL . The critically endangered A. glaucogularis View in CoL of Bolivia shows weak genetic differentiation between northern and southern populations ( Campos et al., 2021).
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Order |
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Ara
Smith, Brian Tilston, Thom, Gregory & Joseph, Leo 2024 |
A. glaucogularis
Dabbene 1921 |
A. glaucogularis
Dabbene 1921 |
A. glaucogularis
Dabbene 1921 |
A. rubrogenys
Lafresnaye 1847 |
A. tricolor
Bechstein 1811 |
A. tricolor
Bechstein 1811 |
Ara
Lacepede 1799 |
Ara
Lacepede 1799 |
Ara
Lacepede 1799 |
Ara
Lacepede 1799 |
Ara
Lacepede 1799 |