PSITTACOIDEA

Smith, Brian Tilston, Thom, Gregory & Joseph, Leo, 2024, Revised Evolutionary And Taxonomic Synthesis For Parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) Guided By Phylogenomic Analysis, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2024 (468), pp. 1-87 : 22

PSITTACOIDEA

The majority of parrot diversity is within the superfamily Psittacoidea . It is distributed on multiple continents, and the majority of species are either in the family Psittaculidae or the subfamily Arinae . Higher-level relationships are generally stable across phylogenomic trees and previous phylogenies with a few exceptions discussed below. Psittacidae ( Psittacinae : African parrots; Arinae : Neotropical parrots) was sister to Psittrichasidae / Psittaculidae . Psittrichasidae (Coracopseinae) of Madagascar and the Seychelles-Comoros archipelago in the southwestern Indian Ocean; Psittrichasinae of New Guinea) was sister to Psittaculidae . The families in Psittacoidea ( Psittacidae , Psittrichasidae , and Psittaculidae ) have estimated ages that indicate diversification within these lineages began in the early Oligocene (30.2–31.1 Mya; fig. 1). In comparison with previous time-calibrated phylogenies for Psittaciformes inferred from a small number of molecular markers ( Wright et al., 2008; Rheindt et al., 2014), our time-calibrated tree found younger ages for common nodes.