Brotogerini, Smith & Thom & Joseph, 2024

Smith, Brian Tilston, Thom, Gregory & Joseph, Leo, 2024, Revised Evolutionary And Taxonomic Synthesis For Parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) Guided By Phylogenomic Analysis, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2024 (468), pp. 1-87 : 30

Brotogerini , new tribe

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DIAGNOSIS: In accordance with Article 13.1.1, we note that Brotogerini differs from the members of the Androglossini (in the sense used above) from which it is separated principally in the morphology of the tail, which relative to the body is long and attenuated in Brotogeris and Myiopsitta rather than short and rounded in all other genera in Androglossini. In accordance with Article 13.1.2, we note that this difference has been well illustrated and described on many occasions in the literature, citing as examples reference works on the world’s parrots: e.g., Forshaw and Knight (2010); Juniper and Parr (1998).

Type genus Brotogeris Vigors, 1825 , Zoological Journal 2: 400, by original designation. Type species Psittacus pyrrhopterus Latham 1801 , Supplementum Indicis Ornithologici, 1801: xxii.

TAXONOMIC POSITION OF TRIBE: Subfamily Arinae of family Psittacidae .

COMPONENT GENERA: Brotogeris Vigors, 1825 , and Myiopsitta Bonaparte, 1854 .

Myiopsitta Bonaparte, 1854 . Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée.(2), 6, 1854: 150. Type, by subsequent designation, Psittacus monachus Boddaert (G.R. Gray, Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum, 1855: 87)

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Endemic from South America to Mexico.

Brotogeris Brotogeris are smaller, largely green parrots with pointed, graduated tails varying in relative proportion to body size, however. Relationships among the eight recognized species in the genus are strongly supported and concordant across molecular phylogenies (e.g., Ribas et al., 2009). General tail morphology does not conform neatly to phylogenetic groups. The three longertailed species ( B. tirica , B. versicolurus , and B. chiriri ) are in one clade with shorter-tailed B. sanctithomae of the Amazonian floodplain. The other clade contains B. pyrrhoptera , B. jugularis , B. cyanoptera , and B. chrysoptera . The majority of the species are distributed east of the Andes in the Amazon Basin. There was a cross-Andes divergence (1.3–3.7 Mya) represented by the split between B. pyrrhoptera / B. jugularis and B. cyanoptera / B. chrysoptera . Brotogeris jugularis is the only species in Central America, so dispersal out of South America occurred over the Panamanian land bridge. No study to date has sampled across the range of B. jugularis , which spans from Mexico to Venezuela, but northward dispersal most likely occurred within the Pleistocene, the time frame after B. pyrrhoptera and B. jugularis split.

Myiopsitta Myiopsitta are midsized parrots with pointed,

attenuate tails. Uniquely among all parrots it nests not in hollows in trees, cliffs, or rock faces, but in nests of sticks constructed by the birds and placed in trees, cliffs, or in more anthropogenic environments on poles and near buildings (see Agapornis below for other parrots that construct smaller nests). They occur in southern South America and have a number of naturalized populations around the globe ( Edelaar et al., 2015). Myiopsitta monachus occurs in southern Brazil through northern Argentina and Uruguay, and M. luchsi is distributed in the Andean valleys of Bolivia. Myiopsitta luchsi has long been a subspecies of M. monachus and is still treated by some as such (e.g., South American Checklist Committee) whereas others have elevated it to species rank (e.g., IOC). The rationale that has been given for species-rank recognition of M. luchsi is in its genetic and phenotypic distinctiveness, ecological divergence in occupying higher elevations, and obligatory cliff-nesting, as opposed to nest construction in trees ( Russello et al., 2008). The South American Checklist Committee (proposal 503) rejected these arguments based on the limited mtDNA differentiation of luchsi from other taxa, and the lack of both a formal vocal analysis and a published description of how their nesting ecology differs. The phylogenomic molecular dating provides new temporal context for the debate on species limits in Myiopsitta , the divergence likely more than a million years (1.7 Mya: 0.8–2.6).