Glenognatha australis ( Keyserling, 1883 )

Jimmy Cabra-García & Antonio D. Brescovit, 2016, Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), Zootaxa 4069 (1), pp. 1-183 : 122-126

Glenognatha australis ( Keyserling, 1883)

( Figs. 100–104 , 135 )

Pachygnatha australis Keyserling, 1883: 211 (syntypes from Pacasmayo , Peru, deposited in BMNH, examined through photographs of the habitus and male genitalia).

Glenognatha australis: Simon, 1894: 716 ; Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1D, 2D, 5E, 7D, 9 A –B; World Spider Catalog 2015.

Diagnosis. Males of G. australis resemble those of G. gloriae and G. spherella by the prominent Ret2 ( Figs. 101B– C ) and the absence of anterior tooth ( Fig. 101 A ). It can be distinguished from the former by the shape of the clypeus in lateral view, which is not projected ( Fig. 100F ) and from the latter by the bigger size and the uncoiled embolus tip ( Figs. 104E–F ). Females resemble those of G. vivianae by the bean-shaped spermathecae, but are distinguished from the latter by the enlarged Prt2 ( Fig. 101D ).

Description. Male and female described by Keyserling (1883). Additional data.

Male (CAS 9039650). Habitus as in Figures 100 A –B . Carapace brown, darker along furrows. Sternum pale brown, darker on edges. Abdomen tan, dorsally with two diffused longitudinal black bands that join medially forming thin transverse bands in the posterior region. Venter with a median diffused black band that ramifies to the lateral surfaces from the tracheal spiracle. Silver guanine spots absent. Legs pale tan with distal parts of segments darker. Total length 2.47. Cephalothorax 1.17 long, 0.97 wide, 0.57 high. Abdomen 1.47 long, 1.20 wide, 1.12 high. Sternum 0.57 long, 0.65 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10. ALE 0.09. PME 0.09. PLE 0.10.

AME-AME 0.06, AME-ALE 0.06, PME-PME 0.08, PME-PLE 0.10, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.80. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth ( Figs. 101 A –C ). Ret2 enlarged ( Fig. 101B–C ). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.65, patella 0.42, tibia 1.72, metatarsus 1.35, tarsus 0.80, total 5.95; II: 1.52, 0.42, 1.5, 1.15, 0.52, 5.12; III: 1.02, 0.30, 0.75, 0.80, 0.45, 3.32; IV: 1.35, 0.32, 1.27, 1.10, 0.57, 4.62. DTS 0.15. DTE 0.50. Epiandrous fusules as in Figure 104H . Spinnerets as in Figures 104I–L . Palp as in Figures 102E–H . Conductor lamina with thin distal end in ventral view ( Figs. 102B , 104E–G ). Embolus tip curved ( Figs. 102D , 104E–G ).

Female (CAS 9039650). Coloration and general habitus as in male ( Figs. 100C–D ). Cephalothorax, abdomen and legs clearer than the male. Abdomen without clearly defined black bands. Silver guanine spots absent. Total length 2.65. Cephalothorax 1.30 long, 0.95 wide, 0.75 high. Abdomen 1.55 long, 1.25 wide, 1.25 high. Sternum 0.57 long, 0.67 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09. ALE 0.08. PME 0.08. PLE 0.08. AME-AME 0.07, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.09, PME-PLE 0.11, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.80. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth ( Figs. 101D–F ). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.62, patella 0.42, tibia 1.50, metatarsus 1.25, tarsus 0.75, total 5.55. II: 1.62, 0.37, 1.50, 1.22, 0.57, 5.30; III: 1.07, 0.35, 0.75, 0.77, 0.50, 3.45; IV: 1.55, 0.35, 1.27, 1.22, 0.57, 4.97. DTS 0.17. DTE 0.40. Tracheal system as in Figures 103F–H . Spinnerets as in Figures 103I–K . Genitalia with well-developed spermathecae, bean-shaped ( Fig. 103 A –E ). Uterus externus divided into two distinct portions ( Fig. 103 A ).

Variation. Male total length 1.8–2.6 (N = 10; average 2.2), cephalothorax length 1.0–1.1 (N = 10; average 1.0), femur I length 1.0–1.6 (N = 10; average 1.3). Female total length 2.2–3.0 (N = 10; average 2.6), cephalothorax length 1.0–1.3 (N = 10; average 1.1), femur I length 1.1–1.6 (N = 10; average 1.2). Specimens from southern Brazil and Argentina exhibit a different coloration pattern ( Figs. 100E–L ).

Distribution. Known from Ecuador to northern Argentina ( Fig. 135 ).

Additional material examined (N = 295). New records. ECUADOR: Guayas: Nobol (5.5km S), [1º54´S, 80º0´W], elev. [6m], 18.i.1978, P. J. Spangler & J. Anderson leg., 1♀ ( USNM); Boliche (14.5Km S), [2º12´S, 79º35´W], elev. [20m], 14.i.1978, P. J. Spangler & J. Anderson leg., 1♂ ( USNM). Los Ríos: Babahoyo, [1º48´S, 79º32´W], elev. [11m], 21.vi.1975, Lohen, Langley & Monnig leg., 1♂ ( USNM). PERU: [Piura]: Quebrada Mogollón, [4º32´S, 81º4´W], elev. [700m], 24.ix.1939, HEF & DLF leg., 1♀ 1♂ ( CAS 9039650). BOLIVIA: Beni: Estación Biológica Beni, [14º38´S, 66º17´W], elev. [187m], 9.ix.1987, S. Larcher leg., 1♀ ( USNM). BRAZIL: Ceará: Fortaleza, Campus de Itaperi, UFCE, [3º47´S, 38º33´W], elev. [26m], 10.vi.2011, R. Azevedo leg., 1♂ ( IBSP 166731). Goiás: Goiana, [16º40´S, 59º16´W], elev. [750m], 12.vii.1957, B. Malkin leg., 1♂ ( AMNH). São Paulo: Paranapiacaba, [23º46´S, 46º18´W], elev. [837m], 7.vii.1957, B. Malkin leg., 2♀ 3♂ ( AMNH); Jundiaí, Serra do Japi, [23º14´S, 46º55´W], elev. [966m], 8–10.xii.1997, A. J. Santos leg., 1♀ ( IBSP 36559); São Paulo, Jaraguá, [23º27´S, 46º45´W], elev. [891m], 8.vii.1994, R. Baptista leg., 11♀ 7♂ 2 immature ( MNRJ 3495). Paraná: Guaraqueçaba, Serra do Itaqui, Tagaçaba, [25º16´S, 48º24´W], elev. [51m], 15–22.ix.2007, G. P. Perroni leg., 1♂ ( IBSP 86529). Santa Catarina: Garopaba, [28º1´S, 48º38´W], elev. [18m], 22.x.1993, M. P. de Barros leg., 1♂ ( MCTP 4304). Rio Grande do Sul: Bagé, Rodeio Bonito, [31º19´S, 54º4´W], elev. [213m], 10.ii.1967, C. Oliveira leg., 1♂ ( MCN 489); Cachoeira do Sul, [30º0´S, 52º58´W], elev. [29m], 2.iv.1977, M. E. L. Souza leg., 1♂ ( MCN 5240); 13.ix.1996, 1♂ ( MCTP 9309); Canoas, Banhado Paquetá, Parque Estadual Delta do Jacuí, [29º59´S, 51º29´W], elev. [15m], 8.vii.1999, A. B. Bonaldo leg., 3♀ ( MCN 31331); El dorado do Sul, [30º5´S, 51º36´W], elev. [36m], 14.i.2009, L. Fritz leg., 1 ♂ ( MCN 45914); 9.i.2008, L. Fritz leg., 1♂ ( MCN 43965); Estrela Velha, [29º10´S, 53º14´W], elev. [211m], 18.i.2000, M. P. Barros leg., 1♂ ( MCN 33409); Ibarama, [29º25´S, 53º7´W], elev. [419m], 27.xi.1999, C. B. Kotzian leg., 1♀ 1♂ ( MCTP 11248); Monte Negro, [29º41´S, 51º28´W], elev. [206m], 7.vii.1977, E. H. Buckup leg., 1♂ ( MCN 6145); Nova Santa Rita, Banhado Paquetá, Parque Estadual Delta do Jacuí, [29º59´S, 51º29´W], elev. [15m], 8.vii.1999, I. Heidrisch leg., 1♂ ( MCN 31372); Novo Cabrais, Parque Witeck, [29º44´S, 52º57´W], elev. [77m], 1.xi.2008, R. G. Buss leg., 1♂ ( MCTP 27990); Pirapó, [28º2´S, 55º11´W], elev. [106m], 21–30.vi.1989, Garabi leg., 1♀ 1♂ ( MCTP 841); Porto Alegre, [29º27´S, 50º33´W], elev. [649m], 5.xi.1998, M. P. Barros leg., 1♂ ( MCN 30318); Rio Pardo, 29º58´S, 52º21´W, elev. [134m], 6.vii.1966, A. Lise leg., 59♀ 35♂ ( MCN 267); 20.ii.1967, A. Lise leg., 2♂ ( MCN 562); 6.vii.1966, A. Lise leg., 24 ♀ 18 ♂ 2 immature ( MCZ 125524); Salvador Sul, [29º26´S, 51º30´W], elev. [485m], 1964, Padre Celio leg., 1 ♀ 2 ♂ ( MZSP 4051); São Francisco de Paula, [29º26´S, 50º39´W], elev. [772m], 5.i.1985, A. Lise leg., 1♂ ( MCN 13235); Triunfo, [29º56´S, 51º41´W], elev. [6m], 4.vi.1987, C. Marros leg., 1♀ ( MCN 16935); 21.ix.1989, E. H. Buckup leg., 1♂ ( MCN 18695), Estaçao Braskem de Proteçao Ambiental, [29º56´S, 51º41´W], elev. [6m], 15.ix.2009, P. E. S. Rodrigues leg., 1♀ 1♂ ( MCN 46671); 31.viii.2007, M. C. Pairet Jr. leg., 1♂ ( MCN 46804); 15.ix.2009, E. N. L. Rodrigues leg., 2♂ ( MCN 46622); 19.xi.2002, R. Ott leg., 1♀ ( MCN 48508); 14.vi.2006, R. Ott leg., 1♀ 1♂ ( MCN 42102), Fazenda Pontal, Parque Estadual Delta do Jacuí, [29º59´S, 51º29´W], elev. [6m], 22.vi.1999, A. B. Bonaldo leg., 1♂ ( MCN 31244); Uruguaiana, [29º44´S, 57º6´W], elev. [51m], 16.ix.2008, R. Alves leg., 1♂ ( MCTP 25962); Viamão, [30º6´S, 51º0´W], elev. [49m], 29.vii.2001, S. Torres leg., 1♂ ( MCTP 15329); 25.x.1994, A. Lise leg., 1♂ ( MCTP 5787). PARAGUAY: [Central]: Itá, [25º30´S, 57º21´W], elev. [141m], 12.iv.1980, P. J. Spangler leg., 1♀ ( USNM); Areguá, [25º17´S, 57º24´W], elev. [143m], 31.viii.1986, 2♀ ( USNM); 6.ix.1980, R. Cave leg., 3♀ ( USNM); 15Km NE Asunción, [25º15´S, 57º41´W], elev. [61m], 21.vi.1969, P. & P. Spangler leg., 1 ♂ ( USNM). Cordillera: San Bernardino, [25º16´S, 57º19´W], elev. [70m], 22.vi.1969, P. & P. Spangler leg., 1♂ ( USNM). ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: Campana, Estación Río Luján, [34º9´S, 58º56´W], elev. [4m], C.J. Grismado, L. Damer, N. López, S. Trivero, I. Crudele & N. Olejnik leg., 1♂ 1♀ ( MACN 12382); Campana, C. J. Grismado, I. Crudele, N. Olejnik & S. Trivero leg., 1♀ ( MACN 12557); Campana, C. J. Grismado, L. Damer, N. López, S. Trivero, I. Crudele & N. Olejnik leg., 1♀ ( MACN 12480); Delta del Paraná, Arroyo Sarmiento, [34º2´S, 58º31´W], elev. [10m], A. Bachmann leg., 2♀ 1♂ ( MACN 24638); Delta Arroyo Caraguatá, [34º22´S, 58º38´W], elev. [4m], A. Bachmann leg., 2♀ ( MACN 24633a); Paraná de las Palmas, [34º17´S, 58º34´W], elev. [2m], M. E. Galiano leg., 1♀ 1 immature ( MACN 24631a); Paraná de las Palmas y Canal 6, [34º17´S, 58º34´W], elev. [2m], M. E. Galiano leg., 1♂ ( MACN 24628a); Delta, Estación Experimental INTA, [34º22´S, 58º38´W], elev. [4m], A. Bachmann leg., 1♀ 1♂ ( MACN 24621); Campana, Reserva Natural Otamendi, Estación río Luján, 34.277352S, 58.888054W, elev. 5m, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, L. Piacentini, E. Soto, M. E. González-Márquez, M. Guala, J. M. Andia Navarro, N. López, I. Ortega Insaurralde y P. Zermoglio leg. 7♀ 13♂ ( MACN); Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Laguna de los Macáes, 34º36´21.7´´S, 58º20´55´´W, elev. [5m], 1.ix.2008, M. Turienzo leg., (Trampa de caída) 1♂ ( MACN); 15.ix.2008, 1♂ ( MACN); Entre Ríos: Río Gualeguaychú, [33º4´S, 58º26´W], elev. [6m], M. J. Ramírez & P. A. Goloboff leg., 1♀ ( MACN 24624); Jujuy: P. N Calilegua, área de entrada al parque, [23º55´S, 64º50´W], elev. [800m], C. Szumik leg., 4♀ 1♂ 1 immature ( MACN 24629); M. J. Ramírez, P. A. Goloboff & C. Szumik leg., 3♀ 3♂ 1 immature ( MACN 24625); P. N. Calilegua, Aguas Negras, [23º55´S, 64º50´W], elev. [800m], M.J. Ramírez & L. Compagnuccileg., 1♂ ( MACN 24627); Misiones: P. N. Iguazú [25º42´S, 54º26´W], elev. [204m], M. Ramírez leg., 3♀ 3♂ 4 immature ( MACN 24627); Misiones y Corrientes: [27º30´S, 56º1´W], elev. [100m], 11–21.iv.1989, 1 ♀ 1 ♂ ( MCTP 838); 21– 31.vi.1989, 1♂ ( MCTP 842); Salta: El Rey Nat. Park, Rio la Sala, [24º42´S, 64º38´W], elev. 900m, 5–15.xii.1987, S. & J. Peck leg., (Humid mossy chaco forest, Malaise FIT 87–137), 1♂ ( AMNH); Santa Fe: Las Gamas, 20 km W de Vera , [29º25´S, 60º20´W], elev. [60m], M. J. Ramírez & J. Faivovich leg., 1♀ 1♂ ( MACN 24623); Tucumán: Horco Molle, [26º46´S, 65º19´W], elev. [775m], M. E. Galiano leg., 3♀ 4♂ ( MACN 24622).

Figures

FIGURE 100. Glenognatha australis. A – D, habitus from Peru (CAS 9039650). A, male dorsal. B, male ventral. C, female dorsal. D, female ventral. E – H, male habitus from Brazil (MCN 46671). E, dorsal. F, lateral. G, ventral. H, frontal. I – L, female habitus from Brazil (MCN 46671). I, dorsal. J, lateral. K, ventral. L, frontal. Scale bars, 200 µm. TS: tracheal spiracle.

FIGURE 101. Glenognatha australis. A – C, male left chelicerae (MCTP 838). A, anterior. B, posterior. C, mesal. D – F, female left chelicerae (MCN 42102). D, anterior. E, posterior. F, mesal. Scale bars, 100 µm. Prt: promarginal tooth. Ret: retromarginal tooth.

FIGURE 102. Glenognatha australis from Brazil. A – D, male left palp, schematic (MCTP 841). A, ventral. B, conductor, ventral. C, conductor, dorsal. D, embolus, ventral. E – H, male left palp (MCN 46671). E, ventral. F, dorsal. G, prolateral. H, retrolateral. Scale bars, 100 µm. C: conductor. CB: cymbium. CRa: conductor retrolateral apophysis. E: embolus. ED: ejaculatory duct. EMg: embolic medial groove. P: paracymbium. T: tegulum. TO: tarsal organ.

FIGURE 103. Glenognatha australis. A – C, female genitalia. A, dorsal (arrow, uterus externus portions). B, ventral. C, lateral. D – E, spermathecae and copulatory duct. F – H, female tracheal system. F, dorsal. G, median and lateral trunks. H, tracheal spiracle, posterior view. I, ALS. J, PMS. K. PLS. Scale bars, 100 µm (A – C, F – G), 10 µm (D – E, H – K). AC: aciniform gland spigots. AG: aggregate gland spigots. CD: copulatory duct. CY: cylindrical gland spigot. FL: flagelliform gland spigot. LSD: long-stem ducts. LT: lateral trunk. MAP: major ampullate gland spigot. mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot. MC: membranous chamber. MT: median trunk. PI: piriform gland spigots. S: spermathecae. TAG: tracheal atrium gland. UE: uterus externus.

FIGURE 104. Glenognatha australis. A, male left palp anterior. B – C, conductor. B, ventral (tip broken). C, ventroprolateral (tip broken). D, embolus (arrow, inner membrane). E, male left palp, ventral. F – G, embolus and conductor. F, ventral. G, dorsal. H, epiandrous fusules. I – L, male spinnerets. I, ventral. J, ALS. K, PMS. L, PLS. Scale bars, 100 (A, E), 20 (B – D, F – G, I), 10 (H, J – L). AC: aciniform gland spigot. AG: aggregate gland spigots. C: conductor. CRa: conductor retrolateral apophysis. E: embolus. ED: ejaculatory duct. EMg: embolic medial groove. FL: flagelliform gland spigot. MAP: major ampullate gland spigot. mAP: minor ampullate gland spigot. P: paracymbium. PI: piriform gland spigots. T: tegulum. TO: tarsal organ.

FIGURE 135. Distribution of G. vivianae new species, G. timbira new species and G. australis.