Radicipes kopelatos Cordeiro, Castro & Perez, 2015

Perez, Carlos D., 2017, A revision of the genus Radicipes Stearns, 1883 (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Chrysogorgiidae), Zootaxa 4319 (1), pp. 1-26 : 20-23

Radicipes kopelatos Cordeiro, Castro & Perez, 2015

Figs. 2 D, 13

Radicipes kopelatos Cordeiro, CaStro & Perez, 2015: 94 –96, figS. 2H, 8–9. Radicipes sp. 1: CaStro et al., 2006: 170 (liSted).

Radicipes sp. 2: Castro et al., 2006: 170 (liSted)

Types and Type Locality. MNRJ 8566 (holotype), Thal -464, 21°48’49”S, 40°01’53”W, 592.4–618.8 m (off Rio de Janeiro).

Material Examined. Paratypes: Thal -522, 13°22’17”S, 38°36’56”W, 750 m (MNRJ 5968, three colonies); MNRJ 4361, same collection data as that of the holotype (55 colonies).

Description. Colonies fleXible, white or yellowish, with clockwise or counterclockwise upward spiraling trend, up to 60 cm long. AXis with iridescent aspect, 0.7–1.0 mm diameter, calcareous holdfast with projections up to 6.0 mm long. Coenenchyme easily detachable from aXis. Polyps 0.8–3.5 mm long ( Fig. 2 D), disposed in a single row, 1.0–4.0 mm distant from each other, in a frequency of two to five polyps per centimeter, but usually four. Frequency of polyps usually decreasing in base to apeX direction, with up to five polyps per centimeter on the proXimal two-thirds of the colony, two to four polyps per centimeter on the distal third. Body wall with rods 0.16– 0.60 mm long, longitudinally arranged, homogeneous in diameter (0.03–0.08 mm), sometimes flattened, usually with flattened ends, sparse in some areas of the colony ( Fig.13 A). Coenenchymal scales (8-shaped) 0.15–0.25 mm long ( Fig. 13 B) and 0.03–0.07 mm in width. Sclerites on abpolypar face rare or absent eXcept on polyp bases. AdaXial and infrabasal portion of polyps frequently filled with scales similar to those of coenenchyme, slightly smaller than the spindles, 0.10–0.18 mm long. Rods from tentacles longitudinally striated and slightly constricted, sometimes twisted in the middle, 0.08–0.12 mm long and 0.02–0.04 mm in width ( Fig. 13 C). Pinnular sclerites represented by small scales, 0.1–0.14 mm long and 0.02–0.04 mm wide ( Fig. 13 D).

TABLE]. Distinguishing macro-structuraƚ characters of Radicipes species baseđ on examination of type specimens from museum coƚƚections anđ recent materiaƚ. Information baseđ on Kükenthaƚ (1919) is inđicateđ with an asterisk (*).

Characters/ Species Radicipes aureus Radicipes Radicipes gracilis Radicipes Radicipes Radicipes Radicipes stonei sp.

Kûkenthaƚ, 1919 challengeri Wright , ( Verriƚƚ, 1884) kopelatos pleurocristatus spiralis nov. 1885 Corđeiro, Pérez Stearns, 1883 ( Nutting, 1908) & Castro, 2015

Maximum điameter of 1.0* 0.75 2.2 1.0 4.3 1.3 2.9

(mm)

Poƚyp ƚength (mm) 3.0 ̅5.0* 0.7̅1.7 2.5̅5 0.8̅3.5 2.8̅5.1 1.2̅3.2 1.0̅3.0

Number of poƚyps/ cm 2̅3 (3)* Unknown 3̅5 (3) 2̅5 (4) 1̅4 (3) 2̅4 (3) 1̅5 (3)

most common)

Coenenchymaƚ scƚerites Present Rare/absent Rare/absent Present Present Rare/absent Present

Distribution of Entireƚy surrounđing Occasionaƚ; no Onƚy bođy waƚƚ Usuaƚƚy onƚy on Entireƚy surrounđing Occasionaƚ; no Entireƚy surrounđing

coenenchymaƚ scƚerites the axis, even between scƚerites between rođs between fuƚƚ- poƚypar face of axis, except between scƚerites between the axis, except poƚyps. fuƚl-sizeđ poƚyps sizeđ poƚyps coƚony; frequent most of the fuƚƚ-sizeđ fuƚƚ-sizeđ poƚyps between most of the bođy waƚƚ rođs poƚyps, where bođy fuƚƚ-sizeđ poƚyps, between poƚyps waƚƚ rođs cover the where bođy waƚƚ rođs space between them cover the space between them

Shape of the Scaƚes with ƚobate 8-shapeđ 8-shapeđ 8-shapeđ Longituđinaƚƚy Fƚatteneđ rođs Scaƚes ƚongituđinaƚƚy

coenenchymaƚ scƚerites margins curveđ scaƚes grooveđ, with at ƚeast (woođy appearance) one fƚatteneđ tip

Length of coenenchymaƚ 0.2̅0.6 (5̅6) - 0.15̅0.26 0.15̅0.25 0.15̅1.0 (3.75̅8.3) - 0.15̅0.68 (3̅5.7)

scƚerites (mm) (L:W) (3.75̅5.2) (3.6̅5)

Arrangement of bođy Scaƚes anđ fƚatteneđ Rođs ƚongituđinaƚƚy Rođs ƚongituđinaƚƚy Scatteređ (but in Rođs ƚongituđinaƚƚy Sparse or absent, Rođs ƚongituđinaƚƚy

scƚerites rođs ƚongituđinaƚƚy arrangeđ anđ arrangeđ a ƚongituđinaƚ đisposeđ. In sexuaƚƚy irreguƚarƚy arrangeđ, some with a arrangeđ. In sexuaƚƚy sparse infrabasaƚƚy trenđ) mature poƚyps, arrangeđ fƚat enđ anđ (rareƚy) mature poƚyps, presence of an compƚeteƚy fƚatteneđ presence of an infrabasaƚ buƚb (scaƚe-ƚike) infrabasaƚ buƚb formeđ formeđ by

by same scaƚes transverseƚy

transverseƚy or arrangeđ rođs

obƚiqueƚy arrangeđ

Length of 0.7̅1.2 (9.2̅10) 0.15̅0.53 (7.5̅8.8) 0.18̅0.7 (9̅11.7) 0.16̅0.60 (5.3̅ 0.6̅2.3 (14.4̅15) 0.15̅0.25 0.13̅0.86 (4.3̅8.6)

poƚypar (presence of 7.5) (8.3̅15)

scƚerites (mm) (L:W) infrabasaƚ 8-

shapeđ, 0.15̅0.26

mm ƚong anđ 0.04̅

0.05 mm in wiđth)

Tentacuƚar scƚerites Fƚatteneđ rođs Fƚatteneđ rođs Fƚatteneđ rođs Rođs Rođs Fƚatteneđ rođs Sƚightƚy or compƚeteƚy fƚatteneđ rođs

Length of tentacuƚar 0.15̅0.4 (7.9̅20) 0.15̅0.35 (7.5̅ 0.07̅0.18 (4.5̅7) 0.8̅0.12 (3̅4) 0.2̅0.46 (4.6̅10) 0.08̅0.15 (5̅8) 0.14̅0.3 (5̅7)

scƚerites (mm) (L:W) 11.7)

Distribution anđ Somaƚia to South Northwestern anđ Western anđ miđ- Southern Braziƚ, Eastern Pacific Hawaii, 241̅ Guƚf of Aƚaska anđ

bathymetric range Africa, 463̅ 1644 m northeastern Atƚantic (northern 592̅ 750 m ( Japan) to Inđo-? 1462 m Aƚeutian Isƚanđs, Atƚantic, 439̅1737 hemisphere), 500̅ Pacific ( Inđonesia), 1207̅ 3580 m m 3259 m 629̅ 1301 m

Comparisons. This species is morphologically close to R. challengeri (Table 1), with similar sclerite sizes. However, R. kopelatos has body wall rods proportionally thicker than those in R. challengeri , with a more homogeneous diameter in these sclerites. The latter also has usually smaller polyps.

Remarks. There are no new records for this species since its recent discovery in southern Brazil ( Cordeiro et al., 2015). Besides the west coast of the African continent, the Brazilian slope is one of the most poorly known areas in the Atlantic. Thus, it is essential to collect new material in those areas and invest in integrative taXonomic studies that could help to better understand the relationship between eastern and western populations of the Atlantic Ocean ( R. kopelatos , R. challengeri and R. gracilis ).

Distribution. Western Atlantic, Southeastern Brazil, 592– 750 m.

Figures

FIGURE 2. PolypS of Radicipes Spp. A, B: polypS of Radicipes challengeri (Wright & Studer, 1889) (BMNH 1889.5.27.3, holotype, and USNM 57314, reSpectively); C: polyp of Radicipes stonei Sp. nov. (USNM 1418007, holotype); D: polyp of Radicipes kopelatos Cordeiro, Pérez & CaStro, 2015 (MNRJ 8566, holotype); E – F: polypS of Radicipes gracilis (Verrill, 1884) (BMNH 1889.5. 27.4, holotype, including detail of the oral portion (E’), of Radicipes fragilis (Wright & Studer, 1889) and, USNM 8877, Syntype of Radicipes gracilis (Verrill, 1884 )), reSpectively; G: polyp of Radicipes aureus Kükenthal, 1919 (ZMB 8565, holotype); H, H': polyp of Radicipes pleurocristatus StearnS, 1883 (BMNH 1889.5.27.2, holotype of Radicipes verrilli (Wright & Studer, 1889 )) and detail of the oral portion, reSpectively; I, I': polypS of Radicipes pleurocristatus StearnS, 1883 (USNM 49464), full-Sized polypS, normal and fertile, reSpectively. Scale barS: A, H': 0.2 mm; B: 0.6 mm; C: 0.5 mm; D, E, G, H, I’: 1 mm; D', E’, F: 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 13. ScleriteS of Radicipes kopelatos Cordeiro, CaStro & Pérez, 2015 (MNRJ 8566, holotype). A: rodS from polyp body Wall; B: coenenchymal 8 - Shaped ScaleS; C: tentacular rodS; D: pinnular Scale. Scale bar: 0.15 mm.