Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758)

Llanqui, Irbin B., Y. Salas, Cinthya & Oblitas, Melissa P., 2019, A preliminary checklist of amphibians and reptiles from the vicinity of La Nube Biological Station, Bahuaja-Sonene National Park, Peru, Check List 15 (5), pp. 773-796 : 779

Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758)

Material examined. Field observations; (13°25′20″S, 069°36′36″W), 22–28.IX.2013.

Identification. The largest toad in the Peruvian Amazon, SVL 90–187 mm in males and 95–287 mm in females. It can be identified by its large size, highly tuberculate dorsum, granular venter, large and prominent parotoid glands. Dorsum and flanks vary from grayish tan, olivebrown or even reddish brown, usually with dark brown or black spots, especially in females. Venter dull cream or white, commonly with black mottling. Similar species in nearby localities are: Rhaebo guttatus , which differs by having a smooth dorsum orange-tan to olive-tan, the sides of the head and flanks are brown; Rhinella poeppigii , which has flattened parotoids with borders poorly defined and never hypertrophied ( Duellman 1978, 2005, Rodriguez and Duellman 1994, de la Riva 2002, Cole et al. 2013).

Distribution. Rhinella marina is distributed along the east of the Andes throughout Amazonia in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru and Venezuela ( Acevedo et al. 2016, Frost 2019).

Remarks. The characters listed above can be insufficient to distinguish between R. marina and R. poeppigii , especially in juvenile individuals; see discussion in de la Riva (2002).