Calopterygidae
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.3 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B3C66D95-3585-4920-BE93-A44D33FB2FBB |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/937387AD-E03B-D75C-FF79-EF63FD4CFA89 |
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treatment provided by |
Plazi |
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scientific name |
Calopterygidae |
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Family Calopterygidae View in CoL
The larvae of 11 of the 12 genera present in the region have been described and approximately one third of the 68 species are known but not necessarily described. The larvae of Neurobasis (Sinobasis) anderssoni Sjöstedt from China is unknown and likely to be distinctive. All species are long legged and elongate, but some genera are stouter; in all species the first antennal segment (scape) is greatly enlarged, broad at the base and longer than or as long as the remaining six segments and often longer than the head is wide; intergeneric variation occurs mainly in the form of the prementum and of the caudal gills, which vary greatly in relative length and in structure. We can mostly be confident of generic level classification, but too few species of the pairs of similar genera Atrocalopteryx / Matrona and Vestalis / Vestalaria are known to be sure the keys accurately resolve all species. A distinctive form with strongly angulated postocular lobes described by Fraser (1943) as Caliphaea confusa Hagen may in fact be Echo margarita Selys and another enigmatic larva collected in Nepal cannot at present be assigned to a genus ( Orr & Butler 2024). Almost all species in the family inhabit clear free flowing streams, typically in forest towards the equator and at lower elevations. Measurements (A, B, C, D) used in subsequent key descriptions are indicated in Fig. 27 View FIGURES 27–34. 27 .
Larva unknown: Noguchiphaea (3 spp.)
Key to genera
1 Premental cleft deep, diamond shaped or ovoid, ratio A/B at least 0.5 ( Figs 28, 29, 30, 31 View FIGURES 27–34. 27 ); thinly built long legged species; lateral caudal gills at least half length of remainder of body ( Figs 54, 55 View FIGURES 52–56. 52 )......................................... 2
1’ Premental cleft, ratio A/B: 0.25–0.33 and tear-drop shaped ( Figs 32, 33, 34 View FIGURES 27–34. 27 , 35, 36, 37 View FIGURES 35–41. 35 ), or cleft narrow and open anteriorly ( Fig. 38 View FIGURES 35–41. 35 ); often moderately heavy in build; lateral caudal gills rarely more than half length of remainder of body............... 5
2 (1) Prementum very long and narrow, ratio B/D: 2.2–2.8 and premental cleft deep, ratio A/B: ca 0.6 ( Figs 28, 29 View FIGURES 27–34. 27 ); single strong seta on each lobe of prementum.............................................................................. 3
2’ Prementum broader and shorter, ratio B/D: 1.6-2 and premental cleft depth ratio A/B ca. 0.5 ( Figs 30, 31 View FIGURES 27–34. 27 ); two strong setae on each lobe of prementum................................................................................ 4
3 Lateral caudal gills about half length of rest of body; middle gill less than half length of laterals; hindlegs extended just reaching tip of S10. large species (body length excluding antennae and caudal gills 37 mm)............. Matronoides cyaneipennis [endemic to North Borneo over 900m]
3’ Lateral gills about 0.7 length of rest of body; middle gill more than half length of laterals; very slender in build with long spindly legs; hindlegs extended reaching well beyond S10 of abdomen ( Fig. 54 View FIGURES 52–56. 52 ); widespread in clear streams throughout the region....................................................................................... Neurobasis
4 (2’) Prementum ( Fig. 30 View FIGURES 27–34. 27 ) elongate, ratio B/D: 1.8–1.9 and cleft boad, ratio C/D: 0.3; anterior lobes of prementum long and narrow (total length from base: width at midpoint = 9.5); abdomen moderately broad; hind femur reaching S6; lateral caudal gill about half length of remainder of body ( Figs 48 View FIGURES 42–51. 42 , 55 View FIGURES 52–56. 52 )......................................................... Matrona
4’ Prementum ( Fig. 31 View FIGURES 27–34. 27 ) shorter (ratio B/D: 1.65) and more solid; cleft narrow, ratio C/D: 0.24 anterior lobes of prementum shorter and broader (total length from base: width at midpoint = 5.6); hind femur at most reaching S5; lateral caudal gill about 0.6 length of remainder of body.................................................................. Atrocalopteryx
5 (1’) Lateral caudal gills, long, narrow, clearly triquetral, slightly more than half length of remainder of body and armed with wellspaced tubercles along margins, with posterior tubercles long and finger-like ( Fig. 42 View FIGURES 42–51. 42 ); premental cleft short (A/B: 0.24); no inner strong setae on relatively short lobes of prementum ( Fig. 35 View FIGURES 35–41. 35 )....................................... Archineura
5’ Lateral caudal gills without tubercles, or if tubercles present then less than one third length of remainder of body.......... 6
6 (5’) Lateral caudal gills laminate, foliate and at least one third length of remainder of body ( Fig. 50 View FIGURES 42–51. 42 ); prementum ratio B/D: 1.37– 1.6. ( Figs 36, 37 View FIGURES 35–41. 35 )..................................................................................... 7
6’ Lateral caudal gills less than one third length of remainder of body; prementum ratio B/D: 1.1–1.3...................... 8
7 (6) Two strong spines on each lobe of prementum ( Fig. 36 View FIGURES 35–41. 35 ); depth of premental cleft ratio A/B 0.33 or greater; prementum abruptly expanded anteriorly; lateral gills 0.33–0.36 length of remainder of body ( Fig. 53 View FIGURES 52–56. 52 ); antennal scape ca 0.8 width of head; antenna with very short segment between pedicel and scape, 8 segmented ( Fig. 36 View FIGURES 35–41. 35 ).................................. Vestalis [widespread west of Wallace’s line]
7’ One strong spine on each lobe of prementum ( Fig. 37 View FIGURES 35–41. 35 ); premental cleft ratio A/B less than 0.33; prementum gradually expanded anteriorly; lateral gills 0.46–0.5 length remainder of body; antennal scape ca width of head or longer, antenna lacking short segment between pedicel and scape, 7 segmented..................................................... Vestalaria
8 (6’) Premental cleft long and narrow, lobes of prementum not meeting anteriorly; ratio A/B: 0.33 ( Fig. 38 View FIGURES 35–41. 35 ); lateral caudal gills very short, no more than 0.25 length of remainder of body ( Fig. 52 View FIGURES 52–56. 52 ); ovoid, margins smooth, with outer central rib bearing 5–7 well defined denticles ( Fig. 47 View FIGURES 42–51. 42 ); antennal scape about half total length of antenna ( Fig. 38 View FIGURES 35–41. 35 )........................ Caliphaea
8’ Premental cleft narrow, pear-drop outline, tips of lobes of prementum touching or overlapping cleft, relatively short, ratio A/B:0.25–0.30 ( Figs 32–34 View FIGURES 27–34. 27 ); lateral caudal gills ranging from 0.25–0.33 total length of remainder of body.................. 9
9 (8’) Lateral gills smooth, without denticles, elongate ovoid ( Fig. 45 View FIGURES 42–51. 42 ) or broadly sickle-shaped, about one third length of remainder of body; postocular lobes shallow in outline; one strong setae on lobes of prementum ( Fig. 32 View FIGURES 27–34. 27 ).................... Mnais
9’ Lateral gills bearing denticles on central outer rib and sometimes on margins..................................... 10
10 (9’) Postocular lobe shallow in outline with small tubercle ( Fig. 56 View FIGURES 52–56. 52 ) (but see note on Fraser 1924); lateral caudal gills about three times as long as broad with denticles along dorsal and ventral margins and small tubercles on outer central rib ( Fig. 43 View FIGURES 42–51. 42 ). Echo [Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, eastern Himalayas, Myanmar, Thailand and southern China]
10’ Postocular lobe well rounded in outline with small tubercle; lateral gills ca 0.33 times length of rest of body only outer central rib of lateral gills with very strong denticles; margins smooth ( Fig. 44 View FIGURES 42–51. 42 )................................. Psolodesmus [ Taiwan and nearby islands]
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