Hipposideros durgadasi Khajuria, 1970

Kaur, Harpreet, Chelmala, Srinivasulu, Srinivasulu, Bhargavi, Shah, Tariq Ahmed, Devender, Gundena & Srinivasulu, Aditya, 2014, Taxonomic notes and distribution extension of Durga Das's leaf-nosed bat Hipposiderosdurgadasi Khajuria, 1970 (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) from south India, Biodiversity Data Journal 2, pp. 4127-4127 : 4127

Hipposideros durgadasi Khajuria, 1970

Materials

Type status: Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: ZSIK Reg. No. V. 1906 ; occurrenceRemarks: Collected live; recordedBy: H. P. Agrawal; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; preparations: Whole animal (ETOH); skull extracted; Taxon: higherClassification: Animalia; Chordata; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Chiroptera; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros; durgadasi; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Mammalia; order: Chiroptera; family: Hipposideridae; genus: Hipposideros; specificEpithet: durgadasi; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Khajuria, 1970; vernacularName: Durga Das’s Leaf-nosed Bat; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; taxonomicStatus: accepted; Location: country: India; stateProvince: Madhya Pradesh; verbatimLocality: Katangi Village; Identification: identificationID: Hipposideros durgadasi; identifiedBy: H. Khajuria; identificationReferences: Khajuria 1970; Event: eventDate: 1966-09-17; year: 1966; month: 09; day: 17; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; rightsHolder: Zoological Survey of India, Government of India; bibliographicCitation: Khajuria H. 1970. A new leaf-nosed bat from central India. Mammalia, 34: 622-627.; institutionCode: ZSIK; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: ZSIK Reg. No. V. 1928 ; occurrenceRemarks: Collected live; individualCount: 1; preparations: Whole animal (ETOH); skull extracted; Taxon: higherClassification: Animalia; Chordata; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Chiroptera; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros; durgadasi; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Mammalia; order: Chiroptera; family: Hipposideridae; genus: Hipposideros; specificEpithet: durgadasi; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Khajuria, 1970; vernacularName: Durga Das’s Leaf-nosed Bat; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; taxonomicStatus: accepted; Location: country: India; stateProvince: Madhya Pradesh; verbatimLocality: Katangi Village; Identification: identificationID: Hipposideros durgadasi; identifiedBy: H. Khajuria; identificationReferences: Khajuria 1970; Event: eventDate: 1967-03-04; year: 1967; month: 03; day: 04; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; rightsHolder: Zoological Survey of India, Government of India; bibliographicCitation: Khajuria H. 1970. A new leaf-nosed bat from central India. Mammalia, 34: 622-627.; institutionCode: ZSIK; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: NHM.OU.CHI.K10.2014 ; occurrenceRemarks: Collected live by mist netting; recordedBy: C. Srinivasulu; Aditya Srinivasulu; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; preparations: Whole animal (ETOH); skull extracted; Taxon: higherClassification: Animalia; Chordata; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Chiroptera; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros; durgadasi; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Mammalia; order: Chiroptera; family: Hipposideridae; genus: Hipposideros; specificEpithet: durgadasi; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Khajuria, 1970; vernacularName: Durga Das’s Leaf-nosed Bat; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; taxonomicStatus: accepted; Location: country: India; stateProvince: Karnataka; verbatimLocality: Hanumanhalli, Kolar District; Identification: identificationID: Hipposideros durgadasi; identifiedBy: Chelmala Srinivasulu; Bhargavi Srinivasulu; Harpreet Kaur; Event: samplingProtocol: mist net; eventDate: 2014-05-12; year: 2014; month: 05; day: 12; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; rightsHolder: Natural History Museum of Osmania University, Hyderabad; institutionCode: NHM.OU; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: NHM.OU.CHI.K40.2014 ; occurrenceRemarks: Collected live by mist netting; recordedBy: Bhargavi Srinivasulu; Tariq Ahmed Shah; individualCount: 1; sex: Female; preparations: Whole animal (ETOH); skull extracted; Taxon: higherClassification: Animalia; Chordata; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Chiroptera; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros; durgadasi; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Mammalia; order: Chiroptera; family: Hipposideridae; genus: Hipposideros; specificEpithet: durgadasi; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Khajuria, 1970; vernacularName: Durga Das’s Leaf-nosed Bat; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; taxonomicStatus: accepted; Location: country: India; stateProvince: Karnataka; verbatimLocality: Hanumanhalli, Kolar District; Identification: identificationID: Hipposideros durgadasi; identifiedBy: Chelmala Srinivasulu; Bhargavi Srinivasulu; Harpreet Kaur; Event: samplingProtocol: mist net; eventDate: 2014-05-12; year: 2014; month: 05; day: 12; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; rightsHolder: Natural History Museum of Osmania University, Hyderabad; institutionCode: NHM.OU; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: NHM.OU.CHI.K46.2014 ; occurrenceRemarks: Collected live by mist netting; recordedBy: C. Srinivasulu; Harpreet Kaur; individualCount: 1; sex: Female; preparations: Whole animal (ETOH); skull extracted; Taxon: higherClassification: Animalia; Chordata; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Chiroptera; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros; durgadasi; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Mammalia; order: Chiroptera; family: Hipposideridae; genus: Hipposideros; specificEpithet: durgadasi; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Khajuria, 1970; vernacularName: Durga Das’s Leaf-nosed Bat; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; taxonomicStatus: accepted; Location: country: India; stateProvince: Karnataka; verbatimLocality: Therahalli, Kolar District; Identification: identificationID: Hipposideros durgadasi; identifiedBy: Chelmala Srinivasulu; Bhargavi Srinivasulu; Harpreet Kaur; Event: samplingProtocol: mist net; eventDate: 2014-05-13; year: 2014; month: 05; day: 13; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; rightsHolder: Natural History Museum of Osmania University, Hyderabad; institutionCode: NHM.OU; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: NHM.OU.CHI.K48.2014 ; occurrenceRemarks: Collected live by mist netting; recordedBy: Aditya Srinivasulu; C. Srinivasulu; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; preparations: Whole animal (ETOH); skull extracted; Taxon: higherClassification: Animalia; Chordata; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Chiroptera; Hipposideridae; Hipposideros; durgadasi; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Mammalia; order: Chiroptera; family: Hipposideridae; genus: Hipposideros; specificEpithet: durgadasi; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Khajuria, 1970; vernacularName: Durga Das’s Leaf-nosed Bat; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; taxonomicStatus: accepted; Location: country: India; stateProvince: Karnataka; verbatimLocality: Therahalli, Kolar District; Identification: identificationID: Hipposideros durgadasi; identifiedBy: Chelmala Srinivasulu; Bhargavi Srinivasulu; Harpreet Kaur; Event: samplingProtocol: mist net; eventDate: 2014-05-13; year: 2014; month: 05; day: 13; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; rightsHolder: Natural History Museum of Osmania University, Hyderabad; institutionCode: NHM.OU; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Description

Because no detailed description of the Durga Das’s leaf-nosed bat, Hipposideros durgadasi , is available, we provide one here based on the recent collections.

External Characters (Fig. 1, Table 1)

A small species of Hipposideros (Fig. 1), with forearm length ranging between 34.45-35.95mm (Table 1). Ears small (12.70-13.48mm Table 1), with a well-defined antitragus, bluntly rounded tip, and ten ridges, of which all, except the top 2, show bifurcation toward the outer edge of the pinna. A small and simple noseleaf present on the muzzle, with the greatest width ranging between 3.86-4.25mm; no supplementary leaflets. The anterior leaf has a median emargination and is covered throughout with short, stiff black hairs. The internarial septum is well developed, with a short base and a bulbous apex. Nostrils are oval in shape and possess narial lappets on the outer margin. A pair of vibrissae is present at the broadest portion of the anterior leaf. The intermediate leaf has two pairs of vibrissae, one pair on each side; it is smaller in size than the anterior and posterior leaves. Upper border of the intermediate leaf broadly convex, covered with long, stiff black hairs and with a slight projection toward the middle. The posterior leaf has three ill-defined septa dividing it into four cells. The posterior leaf has an evenly rounded convex anterior border. Two pairs of vibrissae situated behind the posterior leaf, on the lateral aspect. An ill-defined frontal sac located in mid-line behind the posterior leaf is barely visible in male specimens; not clearly defined in female specimens. Feet are small. Fourth metacarpal exceeds the third and the fifth in length, the fifth being the shortest. The combined length of the phalanges of the third metacarpal slightly exceeds the length of the metacarpal. The first phalanx of the fourth metacarpal slightly exceeds the second in length. The tail is long (21.21-22.94mm) and enclosed in the interfemoral membrane, except the extreme tip, which ranges from 1.22 to 2.38mm. Wing and interfemoral membranes hairless, dark above and below, and attached to the tibia. However, the point of attachment of the interfemoral membrane is located above that of the wing membrane. In both sexes, the basal half of the dorsal hairs are cream in colour and the other half is pale brown. The dorsal fur is interspersed with long black hairs. Ventral fur is cream with only the apices being pale brown. The penis is cylindrical, long and has a curved tip. The baculum (length [from the base to the tip]= 1.47-1.49mm) is lodged in the middle of the penis shaft and has a characteristic semicircular shape. This structure is also slightly wider at the base, where the dorsal side is concave, presents a constriction just beyond the base, and ends with a pointed tip (Fig. 2).

Cranial characters (Fig. 3)

The skull is small (Fig. 3), with an average condylocanine length of 12.68mm (12.51-12.97mm) (Table 3). Three pairs of nasal inflations present on the rostrum, the anterior pair duct-like, curved; the posterior pair small and spherical; the lateral pair is the largest of the three and spherical in shape. The rostrum is low, flat and seems horizontal. The sagittal crest is prominent in the frontal region and inconspicuous posteriorly. The zygomata are slender, with no dorsal process, flared postero-laterally, and a little wider than the braincase. There is a slight depression at the fronto-parietal suture. The anterior border of the mesopterygoid space is U–shaped. The cochlea exceeds in size the tympanic bulla. The coronoid process of each half mandible exceeds the height of the canine. The angular process is well developed and angled outward.

Dentition (Fig. 3)

Upper toothrow (C-M3) averages 4.74mm (4.67-4.78mm) (Table 3). The upper incisors are small, tricuspidate and wedge-shaped (Fig. 3). The upper canine is robust, with a well-developed cingulum. The first upper premolar (PM2) is minute, aligned in the toothrow, and wedged between the canine and the comparatively large second upper premolar (PM4), giving rise to a gap between the two teeth. M1 and M2 have the typical W–shaped cusp pattern, with well-developed parastyle, mesostyle, and metastyle, and four commissures. In M1 and M2 the paracone exceeds the size of the metacone. The crown area of M1 is equal to that of M2. The M3 is two-thirds the crown area of M2. the parastyle in M3 is well-developed, the mesostyle is comparatively less developed, and the metastyle is absent. The paracone in M3 is well-developed, and the mesocone is very short in comparison with the paracone. The metacone is much reduced in size in comparison with the paracone. Three commissures are present, of which two are well-developed and the third is very short. Two pairs of tricuspidate lower incisors are present, the second (I2) is situated partially behind the first (I1). The first lower premolar (PM2) is half to two thirds the height of the second lower premolar (PM4). The protoconid is the dominant cusp in all the lower premolars. The M3 is smaller than the M1 and M2 in crown area and height.